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Year 3 Rivers And Sediment > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why technique generates hydrogen bubbles in the water

A

Electrolysis

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2
Q

What is the main use of the hydrogen bubbles

A

Visualisation technique

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3
Q

Is hydrogen bubbles qualitative or quantitative

A

Qualitative

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4
Q

What is the term given to a dye added to a flow experiment

A

Flow tracer

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5
Q

How do you get a sequence of straight lines in the flume

A

Pulse the electrolysis

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6
Q

What shape bubble system is used to show flow

A

Square

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7
Q

What shape will the squares look like if the water flow is even

A

Even shape, pattern in even

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8
Q

What is it called when water moves up in the column

A

Ejection/ Bursting

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9
Q

What is it called when water moves Down in the column

A

Inrush/sweep

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10
Q

What is the most important thing in sediment entrainment and transport

A

Turbulence

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11
Q

What is ADVP

A

Acoustic Doppler velocity profiling

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12
Q

How can the Doppler effect monitor flow rate

A

Uses shift from scattered sound to measure velocity

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13
Q

What point is 0 in relation to a Doppler probe

A

The futhest point away

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14
Q

What is good about the Doppler technique

A

Gives a lot of detail about the flow patterns, much more than just the bubbles

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15
Q

What directions can water move in

A

Water can go downhill, back on itself, move left and right and up and down

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16
Q

Which technique can measure the entire flow field

A

Particle imagine velocimetry

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17
Q

What are put into the tank so that the pictures can calculate flow

A

Little spheres that are used to track flow

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18
Q

How is the image captured using the PIV

A

Laser flashes while camera takes photo

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19
Q

What is the equation for Working out movement

A

U=x/t

20
Q

What is an ecm

A

Electromagnetic current meter

21
Q

What forces control the behaviour of fluids

A

Inertial gravitational and viscous

22
Q

What is the Reynolds number

A

Discriminates between laminar and turbulent rates

23
Q

What is the equation for Reynolds number

A

Re=pul/u

24
Q

What is the flow of the Reynolds number is less than 500

A

Laminar

25
Q

What is a turbulence Re value

A

Above 2000

26
Q

What is the equation for froude number

A

Fr=u/^gl

27
Q

What is the ratio concerned with in the froude number

A

Ratio between Inertia and gravity

28
Q

What does u represent in terms of rivers and the water system

A

Water velocity

29
Q

What does l represent in river systems

A

Depth

30
Q

What is the fluid state if Fr>1

A

Super critical

31
Q

What happens if the froude number is <1

A

Subcritical

32
Q

Which directions can water move in if the flow is subcritical

A

All directions

33
Q

Supercritical flow is most likely where

A

Fast flow in shallow depths

34
Q

What can froude numbers of flow impact on

A

Bed form creation

35
Q

What froude numbers are most rivers

A

Less than 1

36
Q

What is shear stress

A

Force of the flow on the river bed

37
Q

What is the equation for average shear stress

A

T=pgRS

38
Q

What is The hydraulic radius

A

The cross sectional area divided by the wetted perimeter

39
Q

What does S stand for in the shear stress equation

A

Slope

40
Q

How do we normally get hydraulic radius

A

Approximate the mean depth

41
Q

What are the advantages of averaged methods

A

Serves an index of the total resistance by all frictional influences on the flow and easy to measure

42
Q

What are the disadvantages to Average shear stress

A

Does not provide information on spatial variation at reach sub scale not a good index of the ability for the sediment to move to the next section

43
Q

what is the no slip condition

A

particles in contact with a surface will move the same speed (or no speed) of that surface

44
Q

What is non uniform flow

A

flows were cross sectional area and velocity changes

45
Q

what is dynamic pressure

A

pressure exerted by a moving fluid

46
Q

what is a stream (dingman)

A

any body of water flowing with measurable velocity in a channel

47
Q

what is a stream reach

A

a stream segment with fairly uniform size and shape, slope, channel materials and flow characteristics

Year 3 Rivers And Sediment (12 decks)

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