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NRSC 333 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What can you define classes of contaminants by?

A
  • chemistry
  • level of concern
  • mode of action
  • novelty
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2
Q

What does POP stand for?

A

persistent organic pollutants

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3
Q

What are the dirty dozen POPs?

A
  • PCBs
  • PCDD and PCDF
  • “-drins”
  • Chlordane
  • DDT
  • Heptachlor
  • Hexachlorobenzene
  • Mirex
  • Toxaphene
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4
Q

What are the uses of PCB?

A

coolant/lubricant in transformers

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5
Q

What are the uses of PCDD and PCDF?

A

industrial by-product

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6
Q

What are the uses of “-drins”?

A

organichlorine insecticides

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7
Q

What are the uses of chlordane?

A

agricultural pesticides

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8
Q

What are the uses of DDT?

A

anti-malarial pesticides

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9
Q

What are the uses of heptachlor?

A

insecticides

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10
Q

What are the uses of hexachlorobenzene?

A

pesticide, industrial by-product

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11
Q

What are the uses of mirex?

A

insectice, flame retardant

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12
Q

What are the uses of toxaphene?

A

insecticide

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13
Q

What kind of chemicals should we worry about?

A
  • persist in env
  • resistant to metabolism
  • bioaccumulate and biomagnify
  • highly toxic
  • PBT chemical = persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic
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14
Q

How can you differentiate organic pollutants?

A
  • contain C and >1 C-H covalent bond

- C-H = low polarity, low water solubility

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15
Q

What are PAHs?

A
  • Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
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16
Q

How can you differentiate PAHs?

A
  • 2or + fused benzene rings
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17
Q

Characteristics of PAHs?

A
  • persistent
  • natural and anthropogenic sources
  • env significant PAHs range from 2 to 7 rings
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18
Q

What are sources of PAHs?

A
  • pyrogenic
  • petrogenic
  • natural
  • anthropogenic
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19
Q

How to differentiate pyrogenic PAHs?

A
  • high T combustion
  • unsubstituted
  • high molecular weight
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20
Q

How to differentiate petrogenic PAHs?

A
  • petroleum

- higher % alkylated PAHs

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21
Q

How to differentiate natural PAHs?

A
  • oil seeps
  • forest/grass fires
  • volcanoes
  • wood and animal decay
22
Q

How to differentiate anthropogenic PAHs?

A
  • oil spill, leaks
  • burning fossil fuels
  • cigarettes
23
Q

What are the two categories of PAHs?

A
  1. low molecular weight -LMW (2-3rings)

2. high molecular weight - HMW (>3 rings)

24
Q

How to differentiate LMW PAHs?

A
  • water soluble
  • not bioaccumulate
  • acutely toxic
25
Q

How to differentiate HMW PAHs?

A
  • hydrophobic
  • resistant to oxidation, reduction, vaporization
  • accumulate in sediments and organism
  • carcinogens
26
Q

What are the effects of PAHs?

A
  • metabolize to more toxic derivatives
  • cause death
  • impair immune system - mammals
  • impair reproduction, reduce growth and dev most (not mammals)
  • alter behaviour and cause blood disorders (except plants)
27
Q

What are HAHs?

A

halogenated aromatic hydrocabons

28
Q

How to differentiate HAHs?

A

-many congeners

29
Q

What are the effect of HAHs?

A

similar to PAHs

  • dev abnormalities
  • carcinogenic
  • endocrine disruption
  • immune effect
  • very potent
30
Q

What are the sources of HAHs?

A
  • PCBs

- Dioxin, Furans

31
Q

What are the sources of PCBs?

A
  • manufactured compounds
  • dielectric fluids
  • monsanto
32
Q

What is the environmental fate of PCBs?

A
  • persistent
  • trasport -> absorb particles
  • accumulate
33
Q

How many congeners do PCBs have?

A

209

34
Q

How to recognize Dioxins and Furans?

A 
Dioxin = PCDD
Furan = PCDF
35
Q

How many congeners do PCDD have?

A

75

36
Q

How many congeners do PCDF have?

A

135

37
Q

What are DLCs?

A

dioxin like compounds
subset of HAHs
dioxins, furans and non-ortho substituted PCBs
very potent toxicant that exert toxicity through AHR pathways

38
Q

What are non-ortho substituted PCBs?

A

ortho-substituted PCB that dont bind to AHR

39
Q

Briefly describe the AHR pathway:

A
  1. contaminant binds to AHR
  2. induce expression of metabolic enzymes - CYP1A
  3. CYP1A metabolizes contaminants
40
Q

Do all DLC bind to AHR path?

A

Yeas and they activate it

41
Q

Can DLC metabolize CYP1A

A

not very well

42
Q

What are organic pesticides?

A

chemicals used to kill pests

43
Q

What are the categories of pesticides?

A
  • organochlorines - DDT, chlordane
  • organophosphates - monocrotophos, chlorpyrifos
  • noenicitinoids - imidacloprid
44
Q

Defining aspects of organochlorines?

A
  • persistent, biomagnify
45
Q

Defining aspects of organophosphates?

A
  • inhibit acetylcholinesterase (neurotransmiter)

- extremely toxic to birds at low doses

46
Q

Defining aspects of noenicitinoids?

A

-neuroactive insecticide

47
Q

How can we differentiate Metals?

A
  • naturally occuring
  • not created nor destroyed
  • human act alter
48
Q

What are essential metals?

A

iron, zinc, copper, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, selenium

49
Q

What are non-essential metals?

A

cadmium, lead, mercury

50
Q

Define emerging contaminants:

A

chemicals that being manufactured for first time, not historically been considered as contaminant but now are

51
Q

Are emerging chemicals rapidly increasing?

A

YES

NRSC 333 (8 decks)

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