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Genetics Exam 1 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution

A

Change in genetic frequency in a population over time

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2
Q

Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells

A

Unicellular, no nucleus, relatively small, usually one circular DNA molecule not complexed with histones in bacteria (some histones in archaea), relatively small amount of DNA, and no membrane bound organelles

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3
Q

Characteristics of Eukaryotic Cells

A

uni and multi cellular, nucleus, relatively large, multiple linear DNA molecules complexed with histones, relatively large amount of DNA, has membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

Viruses

A

Neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic; has an outer protein coat surrounding nucleic acid; needs host cell reproduce

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5
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Similar but not identical; each homolog carries the same genes in the same order, but the alleles for each trait may not be the same

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6
Q

Diploid Cells

A

Carry two sets of genetic information

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7
Q

Haploid Cells

A

Carry one set of genetic information

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8
Q

Centromere

A

Attachment point for spindle microtubules

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9
Q

Telomeres

A

Tips of a linear chromosome

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10
Q

Origins of Replication

A

Where DNA synthesis begins

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11
Q

Submetacentric Chromosomes

A

Centromere situated so that one chromosome arm is somewhat shorter than the other

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12
Q

Metacentric Chromosomes

A

Centromere in the middle

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13
Q

Telocentric Chromosomes

A

Centromere at the end with no short arm visible in a light microscope

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14
Q

Acrocentric Chromosomes

A

Centromere near the end producing a short arm

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15
Q

Interphase

A

Extended period between cell divisions, DNA synthesis, and chromosome replication phase

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16
Q

M Phase

A

Mitotic phase

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17
Q

G1 of Interphase

A

Growth; proteins necessary for cell division synthesized

18
Q

S of Interphase

A

DNA synthesis

19
Q

G2 of Interphase

A

Biochemical preparation for cell division

20
Q

G2/M Checkpoint

A

Only passed if DNA completely replicated and undamaged

21
Q

Mitosis

A

Separation of sister chromatids

22
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Separation of cytoplasm; cell wall forms in plant cells

23
Q

G0 Phase

A

Stable, nondividing period of variable length

24
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and mitotic spindle forms

25
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope disintegrates, and spindle microtubules anchor to kinetochores

26
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate; spindle-assembly checkpoint

27
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids separate, becoming individual chromosomes that migrate toward spindle poles

28
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes arrive at spindle poles, the nuclear envelope re-forms, and the condensed chromosomes relax

29
Q

Meiosis

A

Production of haploid gametes

30
Q

Fertilization

A

Fusion of haploid gametes

31
Q

Genetic Variation

A

Consequence of meiosis

32
Q

Meiosis 1

A

Separation of homologous chromosome pairs, and reduction of the chromosome number by half

33
Q

Meiosis 2

A

Separation of sister chromatids, also known as equational division

34
Q

Chromatid

A

Either of 2 daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome that are joined by a single centromere and separate during cell division to become individual chromosomes

35
Q

Synapsis

A

Close pairing of homologous chromosomes in prophase 1

36
Q

Tetrad

A

Closely associated four-sister chromatids of 2 homologous chromosomes

37
Q

Crossing Over

A

Crossing over of chromosome segments from the sister chromatid of one chromosome to the sister chromatid of the other synapsed chromosome; exchange of genetic information, the first mechanism that generates genetic variation in newly formed gametes

38
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Random alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes along the metaphase plate

39
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Separation of homologous chromosome pairs, and the random distribution of chromosomes into 2 newly divided cells; second mechanism of generating genetic variation in the newly formed gametes; chromosomes move toward opposite poles

40
Q

Telophase 1

A

Chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and the cytoplasm divides

41
Q

Prophase 1

A

Chromosomes begin to condense and the spindle forms; homologous chromosomes pair; crossing over takes place and the nuclear membrane breaks down

Genetics Exam 1 (12 decks)

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