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Evolutionary Biology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were all religions prior to Judaism?

A

Animistic and polytheistic.

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2
Q

What does animistic mean?

A

Abiotic factors such as mountains have personalities, feelings etc.

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3
Q

What does polytheistic mean?

A

Having multiple gods.

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4
Q

What were the three main traditions of the Ancient Greeks?

A

Natural history, philosophy (reason/logic) and biomedical (dissection).

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5
Q

What were the Ancient Greeks thoughts on evolution?

A

They didn’t think anything of evolution as they believed in a static world that had not and will not change.

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6
Q

What kind of people took the place of scientists?

A

Philosophers.

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7
Q

How did the Ancient Greeks explain phenomena?

A

In terms of matter and physical forces e.g. the elements.

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8
Q

What beliefs occurred in the first scientific revolution?

A

The acts of “creationism” are not products of an act of god but of spontaneous generation (the results of the generative power of nature).

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9
Q

Explain spontaneous generation

A

Things just spontaneously formed as a result of the interaction between elements.

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10
Q

What began to occur around the time Plato was around?

A

Greek philosophy began to explain things with mathematics, in particular, geometry.

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11
Q

What is the analogy that was used to explain things?

A

Life forms are like triangles. Triangles always add to 180 degrees and that always remains the same so life must be the same. Unchanging and never deviate from the form. A cat always remains a cat.

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12
Q

What are things like imperfections on organisms seen as in regards to the triangle analogy?

A

Imperfections and flaws. Development gone wrong.

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13
Q

What is the comparative method?

A

Comparing different organisms and grouping them together based on similar traits.

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14
Q

What did aristotle develop?

A

The “Ladder of Life” or The “Chain of Being.”

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15
Q

Explain the “Chain of Being”

A

It is an order of ranked organisms based on vitality (movement). Rocks etc. lay at the bottom and humans are at the top, above mammals.

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16
Q

Why was Aristotle’s contribution important?

A

He established natural history and evolution can only be inferred by reference to natural history.

17
Q

What occurred in The Islamic Golden Age?

A

Aristotle was translated into Arabic, empiracle science and thoughts such as: “animals engage in struggles for existence” “environmental factors influence them so they must develop new traits to ensure survival” etc.

18
Q

What occurred in The Dark Ages of Christian Domination?

A

The depression of intellectual stagnation, everything was explained by god and Aristotle’s “Chain of Being” was changed into involving God and angels.

19
Q

What occurred in the Renaissance period?

A

Rejection of scholasticism for empiricism. Also that the sun is the centre of the universe.

20
Q

Explain what happened and who was in The Age of Enlightenment?

A

The age of physics and Isaac Newton. People tried to explain everything in terms of physics.

21
Q

What increased during this time?

A

Mechanisation, travel, voyages and diversity.

22
Q

Name two things that arose in this era

A

Microscopes and the birth of histology.

23
Q

What happened in the 18th century?

A

Biology came into its own, no longer dominated by physics.

24
Q

Who is Buffon?

A

A great populariser, not an evolutionist but he father of evolutionism. Founder of biogeography and he: Accepted that earth’s history involved a long timescale and brought forward many evolutionary problems.

25
Q

Explain Natural Theology

A

The study of the works of the creator such as plants for the sake of theology. It was seen as proof of the supreme being.

26
Q

Who is Lamarck and what did he do?

A

Naturalist. Suggested the theory of transformation and the theory of acquired characteristics.

27
Q

What is the theory of transformation?

A

The idea that organisms strive towards perfection and an ability to adjust to their enviornment.

28
Q

What is the theory of acquired characteristics?

A

The idea that individuals pass on acquired characteristics.

29
Q

What is Lamarck’s theory of evolution?

A

A graph of: Scale of organization and time. Nnew life forms are generated at the bottom and make their way to the top. No organisms go extinct, they just evolve into others.

30
Q

Name some of the ideological problems in the 1800’s

A

The ‘argument from design’ found it increasingly harder to explain the occurrence of vestigial organs, diseases, parasites, pestilence and catastrophes.

31
Q

What prevailed until the publication of ‘On the Origin’?

A

Natural Theology/Status Quo.

Evolutionary Biology (2 decks)

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