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Micro exam 5 > lecture 2 > Flashcards

lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is this lecture about?

A

Respiratory infections.

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2
Q
  • Why are viruses very particular when it comes to infection certain cells?
  • How specific can they be?
  • What does it mean to be a generalist virus?
  • Are all organisms susceptible to some viruses?
A
  • Viruses are particular in infection because of the affinity of viral surface proteins to their complementary proteins on the host cell
  • They can be so specific that they only infect one type of cells on one certain host
  • A generalist virus is one that infects different hosts
  • yes all types of organisms are susceptible to some virus
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3
Q
  • What does the upper respiratory system consist of?
  • What about the lower respiratory system?
A
  • Upper Resp. system consists of
    • Pharyngeal sinuses
    • Nasal cavity
    • Pharynx( Throat)
    • Epiglottis
  • Lower Resp. System consists of
    • Larynx
    • trachea
    • Bronchus
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4
Q

What is significant about respiratory infections?

A
  1. major cause of outpatient visits in the US
  2. Most are just nuisance but can be serious or fatal
    1. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is more than 50% fatal.
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5
Q

How do viruses contribute to disease symptoms? What is the viral pathogenesis?

A

The enter the cell, invade, increase in number and kill the cell.

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6
Q

What is the immunopathology of viral infections?

A
  • They recruit inflammatory type cells such as macrophages and neutrophils
  • They release a range of molecules that end up damaging the cells
    • Cytotoxic cytokines (INFs, TNF)
    • Catatonic proteins
    • Lipid mediators
    • Metalloproteinases (MMPS)
      • Components of oxygen burs (Superoxides)
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7
Q

What are the causes of the common cold?

A
  • Rhinoviruse: Naked, + ss RNA
  • Adenovirue: Naked, dsDNA
  • Coronavirus: enveloped, + ss RNA
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8
Q

What are the symptoms and pathogenesis of the common cold?

A
  • Symptoms:
    • Scratchy throat
    • Nasal discharge
    • malaise
    • a cough 1-2 day incubation period
  • Pathogenesis:
    • Infects the respiratory epithelium leading to stopping the function of ciliary.
    • increases mucus secretion
      • INF and ABs stop the infection
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9
Q

What are the manifestations of respiratory infections? Table from slides.

A
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10
Q
  • What is the epidemiology of the common cold that is caused by Rhinovirus?
  • How is it transmitted?
A
  • Remember Rhinovirus is: naked, + ss RNA
  • Its transmitted by aerosols, fomites or hand to hand contact
    • Commonly transmitted via person to person contact via inhalation of infected mucous and transfer to nose or eys
    • Children initiate outbreak due to poor hygiene
  • A person could have 3-6 episodes per year and if you have cystic fibrosis or asthma its worse.
  • The number of infections tend to decrease with age
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11
Q
  • How can you diagnose the common cold?
  • What is the treatment of common cold?
  • how would you prevent it?
A
  • Diagnosis:
    • The symptoms of cold are usually diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Pleconaril would reduce the severity and duration of a cold if it’s taking early
    • other medications can relieve symptoms
    • zn is suggested but might carry minor side effects
  • Prevention:
    • Hand washing is the most important preventative measure
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12
Q
  • What is Viral shedding in the case of Rhinovirus?
A
  • Respiratory secretions: sneezing, coughing or speaking
  • Nasal secretion can contaminate hands and tissues.
    • Large droplets only got 1-3 feet but small tiny droplets can cloud in the air and all it takes is one virus to get you sick not many.
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13
Q

What is adenoviridae?

A
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14
Q
  • What is the epidemiology of adenoviridae?
  • how does it cause a respiratory infection?
  • How can you teat it?
A
  • One of many causes of the common cold
    • Also spread via respiratory droplets
    • Can survive on fomites and chlorinated water
  • It can cause respiratory infection by
    • being taken into cell lining of resp. tract via endocytosis
    • causes sneezing, sore through, headache and malaise
  • Can result in intestinal tract infection
    • causes mild diarrhea
  • Infection of the conjunctiva can result in pinkeye
  • Treatment:
    • Gamma interferon
    • Attenuated vaccine available for military personnel
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15
Q

What is the Coxsackie A virus and what does it produce?

A
  • Coxsackie A virus is
    • Enterovirus
    • Naked + ss RNA virus
  • Produce self-limiting lesions and fever
    • Herpangina (Mouth and pharynx, resembling herpes lesions
    • Hand, foot, mouth disease
    • acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
  • Causes some colds
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16
Q

What is a coronavirus? how is it transmitted? what is its relation to the common cold?

A
  1. Named coz of the corona like halos by their ENVELOPE
      • ss RNA virus
  2. Transmitted via droplets from the upper respiratory tract
  3. Second most common cause of the common cold
17
Q

What are some coronavirus respiratory syndromes?

A
  • SARS ( severe acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS ( middle east respiratory syndrome)
  • The symptoms of both include high fever and respiratory distress
  • No treatment or vaccine available
  • QUARANTINE on infected individuals and use of face masks help reduce the risk of gettings SARS and MERS
18
Q
  • What is Rubella?
  • What is it known as?
  • its one of the childhoold diseases that produces what?
  • Where does infection begin and what are its characters?
  • is it more serious in children or adults?
  • what are the manifestation of rubella for adults?
  • Can it cause congenital diseases if it infects pregnant women?
  • How effective is the vaccine?
A
  • Rubella is an ENVELOPED, + ss RNA virus
  • known as GERMAN measles
  • 1/5 childhood diseases that causes skin rash
  • Infection begins in the respiratory system but spreads to rest of the body
  • Characterized by rash of flat pink spots
  • Not serious in children
  • Adults would manifest into arthritis and encephilitis
  • Can lead to congenital disease for infected pregnant women
  • Vaccination is effective
19
Q

What is the efficacy of vaccination against rubella? What has been occurring in recent years?

A
20
Q
  • What is measles virus?
  • is it more or less serious than rubella?
  • what is another name for measles?
    *
A
21
Q
  • How does measles spread?
  • Where does it infect?
  • What are kopliks spots?
    *
A
  • Spread via respiratory droplets
  • requires a large dense population of people to spread
  • Can infect respiratory tract then the rest o the body
  • Koplik spots appear on mucous membranes of the mouth and they are signs of measles
  • Lesions will appear on the body also to signify measles
22
Q
  • What is a rare complication of measles?
  • How bad can it be?
  • What are the symptoms?
A
  • Rare complication (7/ million) can result in pneumonia encephalitis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
    • Slow progressive disease of CNS
    • Leads to personality change, memory loss, muscle spasm and blindness
    • Begins 1-10 years after infection and death occurs few years after symptoms appear
    • Cause is due to a defective virus without capsid moving from one brain cell to another via syncytia
  • Vaccines have eliminated the endemic in US but its reemerging
23
Q
  • What is the diagnosis of measles?
  • What is the treatment?
  • How can you prevent it?
A
  • Diagnosis:
    • Signs of measles; kopliks spots and body rash
  • Treatment
    • Anti-measles immunoglobin but has to be administered right after exposure
  • How can you prevent it?
    • The vaccine in infancy and again in grade school
    • Measles frequent cause of death in other countries
24
Q
  • What are the characteristics of parainfluenza viruses (HPIV)?
  • Whose most susceptible?
  • How is transmitted?
  • Which strains are associated with lower respiratory disease?
  • which strain associated with upper respiratory disease?
  • What is COUP?
  • How long is recovery for most patients?
  • whats the available antiviral treatment?
  • what kind of care might it require?
A
25
Q
  • What is mumps?
  • how is transmitted?
  • What is parotitis?
  • What is a specific treatment?
A
  • Causes: Orchitis (Inflammation of the testes), meningitis, pancreatitis or deafness in one ear can occur
  • Incubation is 12-21 days
  • Infection can be asymptomatic
  • Recovery is typically complete
  • No specific treatment and Humans are the only natural host
  • Vaccine almost eradicated mumps in the industrialized world.
26
Q
  • What is an MMR vaccine?
    • what is the recommendation of the vaccine and what are the ages?
A
  • Measles, Mumps and Rubella = MMR
  • Two doses, 12-15 months and 11-12 years old
27
Q
  • What is the disease of respiratory syncytial virus?
  • Why isnt there a vrius for it?
A

Enveloped unsegmented ssRNA

RSV causes a disease of the lower respiratory tract; leads to syncytia formation in the lung which in and causes the destruction of membranes

  • Infection results in dyspnea because of plug small air passages bu Mucus, fibrin and dead cells
  • Leading causes of fatal respiratory disease in children
  • The immune response ends up damaging the lung, therefore, its hard to make a vaccine for it because the weakest form of the virus will cause an immune response that will damage the cells.
28
Q
  • What is the epidemiology of RSV infection
  • What is the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of RSV infection?
A
  • Epidemiology:
    • RSV is prevalent in the united states
    • Virus transmitted via fomites, hands and respiratory droplets
  • Diagnosis:
    • Signs of respiratory distress that resembles RSV
    • Verified by serological test
  • Treatment
    • Supportive treatment AKA nothing really just prayers
  • Prevention is
    • Handwashing, and health care workers to wear goggles, gloves, mask and gowns
29
Q

What does orthomyxoviridae cause?

A
  • Enveloped, segmented negative ss RNA virus
  • Capsid containing segmented genome leads to Flu
30
Q
  • What is influenza?
  • Causes?
  • What does the genome consist of?
  • What is the envelope studded with? what are they important for?
A
  • Influenza is caused by orthomyxovirus Type A and B
  • Genome consists of 8 different ss RNA molecules, encoding 10 proteins.
  • Enevlope is studded with two glycoproteins (NA) neuraminidase and HA hemagglutinin
31
Q

What is the course of action of Influenza virus after it infects a cell?

A
32
Q
  • Which of influenza shows substantial variation in their H and N proteins?
  • What do HA and NA determine?
  • What is NA ?
  • What is HA?
A
  • Influenza A virus shows substantial variation in their H and N proteins but Influenza B and C dont.
  • HA and NA determine the antigenic specificity if the virus
  • NA is neuraminidase
    • Provides virus access to the cell surface by hydrolyzing mucus in the lung ( CELL RELEASE)
  • HA is hemagluttinin
    • Attaches to pulmonary epithelial cells and triger endocytosis ( CELL ENTRY)
33
Q
  • What is the biggest problem with influenza?
  • What are the processes of mutations common in influenza?
  • What was the recent pandemic of Influenza and what is the worst?
A
  • The problem is that flu virus is very variable
  • Mutations in HA and NA results in new strains
    • Two processes for Mutations
      • Antigenic drift (usually causes small change)
      • Antigenic shift (usually big change)
  • Occurs in mostly dense populations
  • Most recent pandemics was the 2009 H1N1 virus and most famous one is the Spanish flu that killed 40 million worldwide.
34
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A
35
Q

What is influenza Antigenic shift?

A
36
Q

What are the signs of influenza?

A
  • Fever, Malaise, headache mylagia (Muscle pain)
  • Induced by cytokines released as part of immune response
37
Q

What is the pathogenisis of influenza?

A
  • Enter via the respiratory route
    • Incubation is one day
  • multiply in lung epithelial lining cells
  • This causes the destruction of epithelial lining
    • Most patients die due to secondary bacterial infections not the flu itself
38
Q

What is the diagnosis of influenza? Treatment? Prevention?

A
  • Symptoms:
    • Signs and symptoms during a community-wide outbreak
    • Lab tests can distinguish between different strains
  • Treatment
    • Oseltamivir or zanamivir which inhibit type A and B neuraminidase
  • Prevention
    • Immunisation with a multivalent vaccine
    • Inactivated virus in chicken eggs
    • Typically 2 strains of Type A+1 strain of type B
    • Protect against the strains included in the vaccine only
39
Q
A

Micro exam 5 (4 decks)

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