Lecture 2 Flashcards
Bioavailability
Not all consumed is absorped
Absorption of Calcium
10-60% of intake
What effects uptake
Uptake control via PTH is dependant on demand for example pregnancy
Bioavailability differs between foods e.g. phytate, oxalate and dietary fibre decrease availability
Bioavailability of Ca from Milk
30-35%
Bioavailability of Ca from Spinach
5%
Reason for Vitamin C
Necessary for collagen synthesis
Electrolyte Balancing
We need a 1:1 balance between calcium and phosphorus
Result of consuming excess phosphorus
Causes leaching of Ca from bone mineral
Food examples of ratios
Milk: 1.25:1
Cola: 0.2:1
Nutrients required for the metabolic processes related to bone formation
Calcium, protein, magnesium, phosphate, Vitamin D, potassium, fluoride.
Nutrients required for the metabolic processes related to bone formation
Manganese, copper, boron, iron, zinc, Vitamins A, K, C and the B vitamins
Effect of caffeine on bone
Certain epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between consumption of high- caffeine beverages and low BMD, Too much caffeine is detrimental
How has caffeine shown to affect bone metabolism
Calciuresis, Altered Calcium Absorption, Altered Sex steroid Levels
The significance of calciuresis to calcium balance is questionable
Calciuretic effect of caffeine is biphasic
Other problems with caffeinated beverages
May contain other compounds that affect bone health, e.g. Phosphoric Acid.
Caffeine Conclusions
Any effect of caffeine upon BMD is likely to be mild for the majority of the population
Effect will be dependent on dose and factors related to : Diet Gender Genetic Predispostion Current physical states
What is Tea
Processed leaf of Camellia sinensis
Contributes up to 80% of the Uk dietary intake of Flavonols and Flavones.
Polyphenol
Flavonols and Flavones.
Black Tea
.
Bright orange colour, low astringency, sweet flavour
PPO
Polyphenol Oxidase
Oolong Tea
Fermentation stage half the time as for black tea,
Light, subtle flavour, bright yellow colour
Green Tea
No defined fermentation stage, PPO deactivated, very little oxidaisation of catechins, subtle, bitter flavour and pale in colour
Role of tea and bone health
Consumption of tea has been associated with high BMD/ low incidence of fracture in several populations e.g. MEDOS
Greater benefits for those with longer drinking habits Wu et al, 2002
Tea and Flavonoids
Increase numbers and activity of osteoblasts (Bone Making)
Decrease numbers and activity of osteoclasts (Bone reabsorbing)
Reduce damage to osteoblasts caused by oxidative stress.
Tea and Fluorine
Occurs as salts in vivo, Fluorine ion becomes incorporated into bone, increasing overall stability
This is fluorapatite
Fluorosis
Associated with doses of >8 mg/day
Problems with Brick Tea
Brick tea in small populations such as Tobet consume vast quantities of Brick Tea, Theses are made from much older leaves, which results in a greater storage of fluoride.
Protein and the acid base theory
Skeleton acts as a buffer, maintaining in vivo pH
Base- forming components neutralise acid- forming components thus limiting resorption of skeletal calcium
Effect of Onions
Rats fed diets rich in animal protein (casein) or vegetable protein, similar total protein, Ca and phosphate content
Casein diet gave lower urine pH
Addition of onion slightly raised urinary pH and decreased acid content and decreased bone resorption
Muhlbauer et al, 2002
Effects of flavonoid
Found in orange peels, has many benefits, including protecting the heart and brain, reducing diabetes symptoms and preventing cancer.
Chiba et al 2003
Previously shown hesperdin treatment has prevented bone loss in OVX mice (removed ovaries).
Reduced numbers of osteoclasts, increased Ca content of bones.
Effect of Soy
Isoflavones: May benefit post- menopausal women, in terms of general as well as bone- specific health.
Genetic Predisposition
Effects on peak bone mass as well as activity of osteoclast cells.
Race and Ethnicity
Osteoporosis risk is reported to be higher in white race compared to back race.
for example: African populations have higher bone mass compared to chinese populations
Body Weight
Low body weight increases risk of osteoporotic fractures
Physical Activity
Bones lose structural strength due to inactivity
Smoking
Decreased Ca absorption in gut
Alcohol
Influences on PTH, Vit D metabolism and osteoblast proliferation
HRT use in PM women
Benefits to BMD possible overshadowed by other effects