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Psych 275 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 ways a group is reproductively isolated from other organisms

A
  • geographically
  • historically
  • behaviourally
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2
Q

evolution of vertebrates

A

chordates: dorsal nerve cords.
vertebrates : bones protecting NS
boney fish; branch off to amphibians; reptiles - layed eggs; pro-mammals (mammary glands); placental mammals

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3
Q

define exaptations

A

evolved functions that were coopted to serve additional functions.

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4
Q

FOXP2

A

increase in brain size, increase in neural connections –> language and communication.
high level motor sequencing which allows for various things.

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5
Q

HAR1

A

allows for increased cortex folding. may have provided better complex thinking and problem solving.

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6
Q

analogous vs homologous

A

analogous: result from convergent evolution. similar solution to same enviro problem
homologous: from same origin. same structure from common ancestor

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7
Q

brain structure related to IQ

A

relative cerebrum to brain stem is the best predictor of intelligence.
HAR1 - more convolution, lot of surface area in brain compared to brain stem.

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8
Q

epigenetics

A

regulation of gene expression by environment.
sequences between genes are super variable.
non-coding RNA - translated to functional protein which degrades other RNA.
in twins - identical = super different DNA

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9
Q

acetylation of histones

A

if histone is wrapped by DNA, DNA is not available. acetylation attaches to histone and allows unwinding of DNA and expression.

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10
Q

methylation of DNA

A

targeted, methyl group attached to DNA - interrupts expression of gene.

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11
Q

3 layers of meninges

A

dura - hard, outer layer. sinus = drains deoxyblood and CSF waste
arachnoid - subarachnoid space: filled with CSF. provides CSF with nutrients.
pia: adheres to surface of CNS. encloses CSF in.

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12
Q

CSF - function, location

A
  • cushion/shock aborption.
    location: subarachnoid space, central canal (runs length of spinal cord), ventricles (2, 3, 4) cerebral aqueduct (leads CSF down to spinal cord)
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13
Q

what is choroid plexus

A

cells that line ventricles and produce CSF.

  • gives CSF nutrients it needs from capillary on the other side.
  • takes away waste products
  • protrude into ventricles via pia mater.
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14
Q

blood brain barrier - what it is, what is made of.

A

keeps CNS physiologically separated from CNS
semipermeable: no fenestrations in cells - nothing can pass through easily. needs transport mechanisms.
made up of astrocytes - tightly packed around endothelial cells to further control entering of things.
keeps molecules outside of brain.

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15
Q

breaking down the blood brain barrier

A

high blood pressure
not completely formed @ birth - dangerous if exposed to illness/disease
if there’s high [non-permeable molecules] diffusion principles apply.
brain injury/ disease
infection - astrocytes stop attaching to cells
microwaves and radiation.

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16
Q

astrocytes

A
  • endfoots of glia sit in synapse - wrap around axon terminal to locally modulate.
  • sucks out glutamate to inhibit excitotoxicity.
  • astrocyte wraps around capillary to extract glucose and function. metabolize glucose anaerobically = lactate pushed to neuron.
  • provide metabolic support to neurons
  • hold neurons in place.
  • regulate ions, blood flow.
  • astrocyte synctium: complex network of integrated astrocytes, connected by gap junctions.
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17
Q

microglia

A
  • macrophage - engulf debris
  • multiply in response to injury/disease & mediate cell death
  • active immune defense
  • fast acting
  • synaptic plasticity = fomration and pruning.
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18
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • only in CNS
  • rich in myelin
  • forms myelin sheath = increase speed of conduction, nourish axons.
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19
Q

schwann cell

A
  • each cell has only one axon segment

- guide axon regeneration in PNS

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20
Q

myelin sheath

A

synthesized by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. speed conduction by saltatory conduction.

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21
Q

myelin sheath

A

synthesized by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. speed conduction by saltatory conduction.

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22
Q

2 nerve roots - dorsal and ventral

A

dorsal = sensory, afferent. unipolar.
dorsal horn = sensory axon terminal

ventral = motor, efferent, multipolar.
ventral horn = cell body of efferent .

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23
Q

4 regions of the spinal cord

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral

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24
Q

4 regions of the spinal cord

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral

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25
Q

dermatomes

A

sections of body associated with sections of the spine. dermatomes carry sensory info to certain regions of the spinal cord.

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26
Q

spinal cord - internal structure

A

white matter in periphery - myelinated axon.
grey matter in middle - cell bodies, unmyelinated.
CSF in central canal.

27
Q

spinal cord - internal structure

A

white matter in periphery - myelinated axon.
grey matter in middle - cell bodies, unmyelinated.
CSF in central canal.
differs across 4 regions - lower regions -
more grey than white because they have less afferent and efferent nerves

28
Q

spinal cord - 4 main columns

A

dorsal horns - somatosensory nuclei, axon terminals of sensory nerves.
ventral horn - motor neurons dendritte and cell body
lateral horn - autonomic nerves innervate visceral and pelvic organs
immediate column - autonomic nerves inntervate visceral and pelvic organ

29
Q

5 major divisions of brain

A

myelencephalon, metencephalon, mesencephalon, telencephalon, diencephalon

30
Q

myelencephalon

A

most posterior. AKA medulla - ascending and descending tracts at core. white matter.
reticular formation - spans medulla to diencephalon. – mediates heart rate, breathing, arousal, overall overt function.

31
Q

metencephalon

A

cerebellum : sensorimotor coordination, maintain fine motor skills, role in cognition/language/attention
pons: contains reticular formation, swelling on ventral surface of brainstem, transfer info between the brainstem and the cerebellum.

32
Q

mesencephalon

A 
midbrain. 
tectum = roof 
-- superior colliculi
-- inferior colliculi
tegmentum 
-- reticular formation (arousal)
-- red nucleus 
-- substantia nigra 
-- periaqueductal grey
33
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus - 2 lobes = massa intermedia: white matter. independent nuclei: plays -role in sensory processing.

  • sensory relay nuclei - LGN; MGN; VPN
  • feedback bidirectional btw thalamus and cortex.
  • intralaminar nuclei
  • hypothalamus
  • mammilary bodies
  • optic chiasm
34
Q

superior colliculi - where and what does it do?

A

tectum of mesencephalon

visuomotor

35
Q

inferior colliculi - where and what does it do?

A

tectum of mesencephalon

determining auditory information

36
Q

reticular formation - where and what does it do?

A 
spans myelencephalon (medulla) to diencephalon. 
arousal, heart rate, breathing rate.
37
Q

red nucleus - where and what does it do?

A

in mesencephalon

(sensorimotor): motor coordination, direct connection with cerebellum, hemoglobin & ferritin

38
Q

substantia nigra - where and what does it do?

A 
in mesencephalon
(sensorimotor): reward, addiction, movement. dopaminergic rich projections to basal ganglia. melanin pigment - appears black.
39
Q

periaqueductal grey - where and what does it do?

A 
In mesencephalon 
(analgesia): lots of grey matter, defensive behaviour, gate control theory of pain, release endorphin = analgesia. PAG - super close to CSF - whole brain gets endorphins
40
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus - where? fxn?

A

LGN - thalamus/ diecncephalon

vision

41
Q

medial geniculate nucleus - where? fxn?

A

MGN - thalamus/ diencephalon

audition

42
Q

ventral posterior nuclei- where? fxn?

A

VPN - thalamus/diencephalon

touch

43
Q

intralaminar nuclei- where? fxn?

A

thalamus/diencephalon
on/off may dictate consciousness. hard to target because it’s so small.
effects of LSD mediated through this area

44
Q

hypothalamus - where? fxn?

A

diencephalon

controls endocrine system alongside the pituitary gland

45
Q

mammilary bodies - where? fxn?

A

diencephalon
modulate hippocampus & it’s ability to create/solicit memories
damage = karsakoff - dementia in alcoholics.
damage = cut white matter in mammilary body = amnesia

46
Q

optic chiasm - where? fxn?

define: decussate, contralateral, ipsilateral

A 
diencephalon
where optic nerve turns to optic tract
decussate = cross over
contralateral = opposite side
ipsilateral = same side
47
Q

telencephalon

A 
cerebral lobes
corpus callosum
limbic system
basal ganglia
neocortex
48
Q

4 cerebral lobes

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

49
Q

major fissures of the cerebrum

A

centrall fissure - separates frontal and parietal
sylvian fissure - separates occipital and rest of brain
longitudinal fissure - between two hemispheres

50
Q

corpus callosum

A

major tract connecting two hemispheres

51
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

nonmotor, used for highly human-specific behaviours.

determines how to behave in environment, inhibits behaviour.

52
Q

neocortex

A

6 layers - 1 at surface, 6 in middle. columnar organization = vertical flow of info. minicircuit - each column responds slightly differently.

53
Q

pyramidal cells

A

found in neocortex:

large, multipolar, large dendrites, log axon

54
Q

stellate cells

A

found in neocortex:

interneurons, small star shaped

55
Q

limbic system

A

in telencephalon. controlling motivating behaviours : 4 F’s

  • hippocampus
  • cingulate cortex (wraps around hippocampus to septum)
  • amygdala
  • fornix
  • septum
  • mammilary bodies
56
Q

hippocampus

A

primitive cortex of limbic system = telencephalon.

spatial learning and memory (episodic)

57
Q

amygdala

A

subcortical structures - limbic system/ basal ganglia in telencephalon.
emotional memory. important to feel emotion so that NS can respond properly.

58
Q

fornix

A

in telencephalon - subcortical structure of limbic system.

tract from hippocampus to septum. helps in declarative memory.

59
Q

septum

A

in telencephalon - subcortical structure.

important for modulating activity for hippocampus. communicated to mammilary bodies and deeper structures in brain.

60
Q

basal ganglia

A

motor system. - voluntary, needed for procedural learning

  • amygdala
  • nucleus accumbens
  • striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen)
  • globus pallidus
61
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

in basal ganglia

reinforcement learning.

62
Q

striatum

A

in basal ganglia = caudate nucleus & putamen.
projections from substantia nigra.
high dopaminergic area. thought to be important for drug addiction and reinforcement learning.
helps modulate planned motor outputs for proper execution.

63
Q

globus pallidus

A

output from striatum. pushes output to cortex. Gives the “OK” to push signal on.

Psych 275 (7 decks)

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