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Embryology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

which germ layer is rolled upwards to create the neural tube (and neural plate) during neurulation?

A

ectoderm

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2
Q

what germ layer is rolled down to create the gut tube?

A

endoderm

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3
Q

what two structures are important for instructing neurulation?

A

notochord

prechordal mesoderm

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4
Q

the ectoderm forms that neural plate, which is induced by the up regulations of ______ while the node (organizer), notochord, and prechordal mesoderm will block _____ activity.

A

up regulation of FGFs

block BMP-4 activity

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5
Q

up-regulation of FGFs and blocked BMP-4 activity during neurulation activates neural pathway in what 2 regions of the brain?

A

fore and midbrain only

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6
Q

hind brain and spinal chord induction are dependent upon increased _____ and ____ as well as increased BMPs, which are only secreted at the midline

A

increased FGF and WNT

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7
Q

the neural plate will form neural folds that will elevate and fuse in the midline to form the neural tube, a primitive form of the ____

A

central nervous system

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8
Q

cells of the neuroepithelium that form at the tips of the neural folds and then migrate to other regions to form many structures, including: spinal ganglia, bones and connective tissue of the face, septa for the outflow tract of the heart, some cranial nerve ganglia, ganglia for the guy tube (enteric ganglia), melanocytes, etc.
vulnerable to teratogenic insult and provide a rationale for why many children with facial clefts also have cardiac defects
like a “fourth germ layer”

A

neural crest cells

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9
Q

layer of the ectoderm where neural crest cells form

located at top of neural tube where the crests of the tubes come together

A

neuroectoderm layer

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10
Q

neural crest cells will migrate out of the spinal cord when the cord is _____

A

closed

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11
Q

neural crest cells will migrate out of the head region while the neural tube is still open and forms _____-

A

the bones of the face

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12
Q

rolling of the middle portion of the ectoderm to form the neural tube starts _____ and moves ____

A

cranially (head) and moves caudally (toward body)

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13
Q

formed from the mesoderm
eventually form vertebrae
head forms first then rest forms

A

somites

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14
Q

what happens if the primitive streak goes too far caudally?

A

sacrococcygeal teratoma

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15
Q

what happens if the primitive streak stops short?

A

caudal dysgenesis (mermaid syndrome)

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16
Q

closing of the neural tube begins in the ____ then zippers up and down
occurs around 22 days

A

neck region

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17
Q

derived from the medodermal germ layer

A

mesoderm

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18
Q

any loose connective tissue

may be derived from mesoderm, neural crest, etc.

A

mesenchyme

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19
Q

defect due to lack of closure at different regions of the neural tube
Ex: Anencephaly, Spina Bifida, Spina Bifida Occulta

A

neural tube defects

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20
Q

NTD
failure of cranial neural folds to close causing brain tissue to generate
fatal
folic acid is a preventative measure

A

anencephaly

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21
Q

NTD
open neural tube anyhwere from cervical to lumbosacral area (most common)
70% prevents by taking folic acid for 3 months prior to conception and throughout pregnancy

A

spina bifida

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22
Q

NTD
tube closes but vertebra does not
covered by skin (and often, patch of hair)
very common
increased risk of having a child w/ NTD if you already have a child or family history with NTD

A

spina bifida occulta

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23
Q

during formation of the lateral plate mesoderm, the ______ grows downward and around the yolk sac, pinching off what will become the gut tube
leads to creation of intra-embryonic cavity

A

amnion

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24
Q

double mesoderm layer formed during formation of lateral plate meoderm
similar to connecting stalk
suspends the guy and allows a pathway for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

A

mesentery

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25
Q

mesoderm derived from somites

leads to creation of vertebral column, muscles, and dermis

A

paraxial (dorsal) mesoderm

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26
Q

form in the head region and contribute ot the skull and muscles of the face
not quite somites

A

somitomeres

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27
Q

mesoderm that leads to urogenital structures

A

intermediate ventral mesoderm

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28
Q

mesoderm that splits into splanchnic (visceral-organs) and somatic (parietal-lines body cavity)

A

lateral plate (ventral) mesoderm

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29
Q

duct that keeps the gut connected w/ the yolk sac

A

vitelline duct

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30
Q

will become the umbilical cord

A

allantois

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31
Q

mesoderm tissue originally lying cranial to the heart but repositioned b/w the heart and connecting stalk by cranial folding of the embryo
gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm, connective tissue for the liver, and ventral mesentery
as the embryo grows and curves in fetal position, the heart gets tucked into thoracic cavity
some mesoderm around the heart proliferates and creates the _____

A

septum transversum

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32
Q

programmed cell death is necessary to cause the ____ to fall away so folding can finish

A

yolk sac

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33
Q

defect due to abnormal closure of one or more of the body folds

A

ventral body wall defects

34
Q 
ventral body wall defect 
usually located on right side 
more common defect in infants from young mothers
intestines outside of body
abnormal closure of abdomen
A

gastroschisis

35
Q

ventral body wall defect not due to abnormal closure

caused by faulure of bowel loops to return to abdominal cavity following umbilical hernation

A

omphalocele

36
Q

created by proliferation of tissue around the heart
fills up a lot of space from sternum to the back
separates thoracic cavity and peritoneal cavity due to cranial folding that curved the heart into the thoracic region
contributes to central tendon of the diaphragm

A

septum transversum

37
Q

what part of the spine innervates the diaphragm?

A

C3, 4, 5

C 3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphragm alive!

38
Q

what fold grows out toward the septum transversum to make the pericardio-peritoneal canals?

A

pleuroperitoneal fold

39
Q

most common type is a hole on the left side (probably bc liver is on the right)
can push on developing heart and lungs and cause spontaneous abortion
fetal surgery can patch hole and save baby

A

diaphragmatic hernia

40
Q

mesoderm that grows around lungs to cover them

A

visceral mesoderm

41
Q

membrane that eventually covers the heart

A

pleuropericardial membrane

42
Q

what nerve is located in the pleuropericardial membrane and runs down both sides of pericardial sac?

A

phrenic nerve

43
Q

the visceral mesoderm creates the ______ pericardium during formation of the pleural and pericardial cavities

A

fibrous pericardium

44
Q

what are the four body folds?

A 
cephalocaudal (Head and tail folds)
lateral folding (2 lateral folds close the gut tube around umbilcal region)
vitelline duct (connects yolk sac to gut)
45
Q

what are the 2 ways in which blood vessels are formed?

A

vasculogenesis

angiogenesis

46
Q

blood vessels formed in situ
form blood islands then these cells coalesce into endothelial tubes and establish major vessels (aorta, cardinal veins)
regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors

A

vasculogensis

47
Q

blood vessels formed from sprouting from existing vessels

regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors

A

angiogenesis

48
Q

for divisions of the gut

A

pharyngeal, fore, mid, and hind gut

49
Q

two closures of the gut

A

cranial (buccopharyngeal)

caudal (cloacal membrane)

50
Q

expanded portion of the hind gut

later forms the urogenital sinus and part of anal canal

A

cloaca

51
Q

three cavities derived from the space between the two layers of the lateral plate mesoderm

A

cardiac
pleural
peritoneal

52
Q

layer of mesoderm that surrounds the gut tube, heart, and lungs

A

splanchnic (visceral) layer of lateral plate mesoderm

53
Q

layer of mesoderm that lines the body wall

A

somatic (parietal) layer

54
Q

2 layers of lateral plate mesoderm form ______ that secrete fluid for lubrication
2 layers are continuous at the root of each system

A

serous membranes

55
Q

suspends the gut
double layer of peritoneum
2 layers are continuous

A

mesentery

56
Q

genes that contain conserved DNA binding motifs from the homeotic gene complex of Drosphilia
grouped into 4 clusters and regulate anterior-posterior (craniocaudal) patterning of the embryo

A

Homeobox genes (HOX genes)

57
Q

period of organogenesis most sensitive to teratogenic insults b/c organ primordia are forming

A

3-8th week

58
Q

posterior to septum transversum

connect primitive pleuropericardial and peritoneal cavities

A

pericardioperitoneal canals

59
Q

membranes that close pericardiperitoneal canals

A

pleuroperitoneal membranes

60
Q

membranes that grow around hte heart and separate the pleural and pericardial cavities
form fibrous pericardium

A

pleuropericardial folds

61
Q

what forms the diaphragm?

A

pleuroperitoneal membranes
septum transversum (central tendon)
muscular components from cervical myotomes (C 3,4,5) carrying phrenic nerve
mesentery of the esophagus (crura)

62
Q

dorsal portion of each somite that forms the dermis of the skin of the back
segmented and supplied by spinal nerves from the segments at which they originated
segmental pattern maintained as they migrate over the body–each region that they occupy on the skin is also called a ____ and is innervated by the same spinal nerve that originally supplied the __ region of the somite
(each blank is the same word)

A

dermatome

63
Q

???

A

epimere

64
Q

branch of a spinal nerve that innervates intrinsic back muscles
derived from primaxial muscle cells
skin over the back

A

dorsal primary ramus

65
Q

ventral branch of a spinal nerve that innervates limb and trunk muscles except the intrinsic (“true”) back muscles

A

ventral primary ramus

66
Q

an extended column of midline cells lying immediately ventral to the floor plate of the central nervous system
extends from the hypophysis to the end of the spinal cord
important for inducing the neural plate and the sclerotome portion of the somites to form vertebrae
major signal molecule is sonic hedgehog (SHH)

A

notochord

67
Q

the ventral (motor) region of the brain and spinal cord

A

neural plate

68
Q

cranial and caudal openings in the neural tube that exist from the time that closure of the neural folds is initiated until it is complete, i.e. unclosed portions of the closing neural tube

A

neuropores

69
Q

mesoderm-derived tissue along the axis of the embryo

responsible for forming somites and somitomers

A

paraxial mesoderm

70
Q

a thickened region of ectoderm that forms sensory organs and ganglia
Ex: nasal, otic, lens, epibranchial

A

placodes

71
Q

mesoderm-derived layer lying between the paraxial and lateral plate layers
responsible for forming much of the urogenital system

A

intermediate mesoderm

72
Q

mesoderm-derived tissue that splits into visceral and parietal layers surrounding the organs and body cavity

A

lateral plate mesoderm

73
Q

epithelia balls of cells formed in segmental pairs along the neural tube from paraxial mesoderm
differentiate into vertebrae, muscles of the back and body wall, and dermis of the skin

A

somites

74
Q

ventromedial part of each somite that forms the vertebrae

A

sclerotome

75
Q

formation of blood vessels from blood islands in situ (i.e. in its original place)

A

vasculogenesis

76
Q

formation of blood vessels by sprouting from existing vessels

A

angiogenesis

77
Q

common chamber for the hindgut and urinary systems
anterior portion forms the urogenital sinus
posterior portion forms the anus

A

cloaca

78
Q

connection b/w the yolk sac and the primary intestinal loop of the midgut through the connecting stalk
failure of this duct to degenerate results in fistulas and diverticula (Meckel’s diverticulum) from the small intestine to the umbilicus

A

Vitelline duct

79
Q

layer of lateral plate mesoderm associated with ectoderm

forms parietal pleura, parietal peritoneum, etc.

A

somatic (parietal) mesoderm

80
Q

transcription factors that contain a a specific DNA-binding motif (sequence) within a region called the homeodomain
important for patterning the embryonic axis, establishing different regions of the brain, determining the origin and type of guy derivatives, patterning the limbs, etc.

A

Homeobox genes

Embryology (6 decks)

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