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cell1001 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What properties do sea urchin eggs have

A
  1. Transparent eggs
  2. Holoblastic cleavage
  3. Rapid cell division
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2
Q

What is the status of cells at the late blastula stage

A

Blastoele is surrounded by monolayer of cuboidal cells

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3
Q

Where does grastulation begin

A

At the vegetal pole

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4
Q

What occurs at the vegetal pole

A

Apical membrane constricts. Form vegetal plate. Bottle cells lose adherance, ingress in to blasoele. Form PMC

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5
Q

What re the precursors for mesoderm cells

A

Pre mesenchyme cells

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6
Q

What allows the cuboidal cells to change

A

Lack of cadherins, the constriction of the membrane by actin/myosin

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7
Q

What is convergent extension

A

The invagination of the vegetal pole from the blastopore

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8
Q

What is the process of convergent extension

A

Cells elongate perpendicular to membrane.
Lamellipodia at each end act on each other elongating the archtenon. This narrows the cells
This is mediolateral intercarlation

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9
Q

How does the arrchtenon attach to the animal pole

A

SMC are on the tip of invagination.
SMC have filopodia which search for ventral pole of basal membrane of animal pole.
This is most likely aided by proteins in blastoele
SMC attach, pull archtenon

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10
Q

What is the anus and mouth

A

Anus: site of invagination at vegetal pole
Mouth: site of anchorrage at animal pole

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11
Q

What occurs at the 16-32 cell range in mamallian embryos

A

Increased adherance leading to compaction

Trophoblasst and internal mesenchme cells are formed

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12
Q

What does the trophoblast secrete

A

Na+ into the middle of the embryo causing water to enter and a cavity, blastoele is formed

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13
Q

What does the Inner cell mass form

A

ICM forms the tissues, organs, yolk sac epitheliem, amniotic membrane, vasculature placenta layer, umbilocal cord

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14
Q

What does the trophoblast form

A

Chorionic layer of the placenta

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15
Q

Where are embryonic stem cells taken from

A

The inner cell mas pre grastrulation

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16
Q

What layers are formed from the Inner Cell Mass

A

Hypoblast, adjacent to the blastoele

Epiblast

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17
Q

What does the hypoblast do

A

Hypoblast spreads around the blatoele. Forms the Heuser’s membrane

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18
Q

What does Heuser’s membranw form

A

The yolk sac, extraembryonic endodem, that helps trasnport nutrients from the yolk to the embryo

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19
Q

What happens if the Egg is in not lost

A

Sac is usually lost in 2% of people. If not lost: Meckel’s diverticulum, malfunction in small intestine

20
Q

What will the epiblast form

A

The extraembryonic ectoderm. This will form the amniotic membrane

21
Q

What animals have an amniotic membrane

A

mammals, reptiles, birds

22
Q

What form is the rest of the epiblast layer

A

Simpple cuboidal layer

23
Q

What part of the embryo allows the embryo to the implant

A

Trophoblast attatches to the endometrium

24
Q

What processes occur at the endometrium

A

Trophoblast proliferates rapidly. Sycytiotrohblasts invades the wall. Whole blastoele is contained within the wall

25
Q

Wha surrounds the blastoel

A

Cytotrophoblast

26
Q

How is the maternal placental circulation established

A

Syncytiotrophoblast creates cavities called lunae that will be filled with maternal blood

27
Q

What is formed by at the rostral and caudal enda

A

Apposing epiblast and hypoblast cells form buccopharygeal (mouth) membrane at the rostral end
The chodal membrane is formed at the caudal end, the anus

28
Q

What day does gastrulation begin

A

Day 14

29
Q

What occurs on day 14

A

A ridge along the rostral-caudal midline at the posterior end is formed. This is the primitive streak

30
Q

What appears at one of the streak

A

The primitive node at the rostral end

31
Q

How is the endoderm

A

Epiblasts ingress through the streak invading the hypoblast to the periphery

32
Q

What is formed by the endoderm

A

Epithelium of gut, lungs, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

33
Q

What is formed by the mesoderm

A

Tissues, organs, muscle, bone

34
Q

What is the the role of the notchors in lower invertebrates

A

Notochord spans midline. Large diameter with lipid vacuoles.

Anchorrage point fot skeletal muscles. Provides rigid/flexibilty for flight, swimming

35
Q

What underlies the forebrain

A

Pre chordal plate (rostral end) made from ecto and mesoderm layers

36
Q

What is the role of the notochord in higher verterbrates

A

Smaller diameter.
Patterns adjecent nervous systems
Is replaced by vertebrae column but nucleus pulposus remains

37
Q

How are somites formed

A

Made from paraxial mesoderm cells (adjacent to notochord)

38
Q

What is formed from somites

A

Sclerotome: Axial skeleton, spine and ribs
Myotome: Skeletal muscle
Dermatome: Connective tissue of dermal layer

39
Q

How many and how frequently are somites formed

A

Every 5hrs in humans, 90 mins in chicks, 30 mins in zebrafish.
40-44 in humans, will become 36

40
Q

What is formed from the intermediate mesoderm

A

blood cells, kidneys, bladdr, reproductive organs,

41
Q

What is formed by the lateral mesoderm

A

connective tissue, membranes of body’s cavities, skeleton, connective tissue of limbs, vessels, heart

42
Q

What layer of the trilaminar disk forms the nervous system

A

Formed from the neural plate, thickened part of the ectoderm

43
Q

What proteins are transcribed prior

A

Soz2 Sox3

44
Q

What happens to the neural plate

A

Plate will become columnar

45
Q

How is the neural tube formed

A

Microtubules drive the elongation along basal apical axis

Plate cells at the mid line constricat their apical surface. driven by actin/myosin

46
Q

What happens if the neural tube fails to close

A

Anencephaly, non-closure at rostral end. Death

Spinal bifida: caudal end, possible life, paralysis if alive

47
Q

What is the phylotypic stage

A

The stage where the vertebrae body plan is visible

It is where different verterbrae are most similar

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