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4BBY1030 Cell Biology & Neuroscience > Lecture 2-3 > Flashcards

Lecture 2-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 statements of cell theory

A
  1. All cells made from existing cells from cell division
  2. Cell = basic unit of life
  3. All living organisms are made of 1 or more cells
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2
Q

Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes are unicellular, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles. Eukaryotes are reverse, except eukaryotes like yeast can be unicellular

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3
Q

What are the unicellular organisms example

A

Protozoans (eukaryote), yeast, cyanobacteria, halophile, thermophile (archaea)

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4
Q

Is fungi unicellular and prokaryote?

A

Fungi is eukaryotes, but it can be unicellular, e.g. yeast. But fungi can also be multicellular

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5
Q

Functions of cell membrane

A
  1. Import/export
  2. Electrical capacitor (keep electrochemical gradient/Ca2+ charge in NT)
  3. Protection/barrier
  4. Communication
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6
Q

5 functions of mitochondria

A
  1. Ca2+ storage
  2. Kreb’s cycle
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation
    4.Programmed cell death (apoptosis), the mitochondrial membrane can be leaky to release cytochrome C which activates caspases which break down lamins, gelsolin, and ICAD
  4. Heat production: resulted from proton leak
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7
Q

What does the cytosol contain?

A
  1. Proteins, like enzymes
  2. tRNA
  3. Inclusion bodies
  4. Free ribosomes
  5. Intracellular messengers
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8
Q

Discuss the two layers of the nuclear envelope

A
  1. Outer layer is an extension of the rER, so ribosomes are presence for mRNA produced inside the nucleus to be translated
  2. inner layer is made of nuclear lamina, which contains collagen and intermediate filament, it is responsible for binding to chromatin and regulate cell division
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9
Q

What does the nucleolus make?

A

It can make rRNA for ribosome synthesis, as such it contains RNA polymerase

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10
Q

What forms the mitochondrial cristae?

A

Inner membrane

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11
Q

What is the environment of lysosome and its function

A

Acidic (pH 4.5-5), to break down proteins and can break down organelles

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12
Q

How does lysosome differ from peroxisome

A

Peroxisome contains catalase which breaks down H2O2 that can be produced from oxidative phosphorylation. (Recall that materials sent from ER to peroxisome is packed in vesicles because the material is often toxic).

Peroxisome also breaks down fatty acids, whereas lysosome mainly breaks down proteins.

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13
Q

How does the nucleus blocks entry of larger molecules and regulate export of mRNA/rRNA?

A

Via the spokes proteins/nuclear pore

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14
Q

What is the proposed material for the first cell to emerge?

A

RNA

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15
Q

Explain the flow of LUCA (4 steps)

A
  1. Simple chemicals
  2. Simple RNA which can store information
  3. Complex RNA emerged with catalytic functions
  4. Encapsulation of nucleic acids in lipid membrane, which forms spontaneously, DNA replaces RNA to store genetic information, RNA functions as protein making tools in the form of ribosome
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16
Q

What advantage does DNA give over RNA that it replaces as the storer for genetic information?

A

It is more foul-proof and more stable

17
Q

Is archaea harmful?

A

No

18
Q

Do viruses have ribosomes and motor proteins?

A

No, hence they rely on host cells to make proteins. But viruses do have lipid (in membrane), genetic information like genes and DNA

19
Q

How does chlorophyll-based photosynthesis photosystem seem in green sulfur bacteria explain endosymbiotic theory?

A

It suggests that plants as eukaryotes were once prokaryotes microbes, which engulfed photosynthetic prokaryotes in the past. Hence why mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA and different size ribosomes

20
Q

Is protozoans prokaryote or eukaryote

A

It is unicellular eukaryote

21
Q

Why is virus not regard as life? (3 factors)

A

Cannot reproduce independently and cannot metabolism and does not have a cell membrane

22
Q

Is all life from eggs/fertilization?

A

No, parthenogenesis refers to the process of gamete production without fertilization.

23
Q

Name one example of organism that can perform parthenogenesis

A

Honey bees

24
Q

What is MRSA (multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)?

A

It is a type of bacteria resistant to lots of antibiotics available

25
Q

What could be the predecessors of LUCA?

A

Virus-first hypothesis

26
Q

Do all cells have cell membrane

A

Yes

27
Q

What is dormancy and name an example of a virus that has it

A

Herpes, dormancy refers to the virus effect/take-over is inactive for a long period

28
Q

How does retrovirus (HIV) and lentiviruses cause mutation/mutagenic action?

A

By inserting their genome into the host cell, causing mutation

29
Q

Is cell membrane responsible for structural integrity?

A

No, that is the role of cytoskeleton

30
Q

Is histone found in cytosol?

A

No, histone is found in the nucleus

31
Q

Which of the followings are not eukaryotes?
1. Plants
2. Protozoans
3. Cyanobacteria
4. Halophile
5. Gametes
6. Fungi

A
  1. Cyanobacteria and 4 Halophile are not, halophile is an archaea which lives in high salt concentration environment
32
Q

Where is RNA made?

A

In the nucleus

33
Q

What are the 4 typical materials in virus

A
  1. DNA/RNA
  2. Protein coat (caspid)
  3. Lipid envelope (sometimes)
  4. Genes
34
Q

How does smooth ER and rough ER differ in the materials they make?

A

Smooth ER makes lipids, like steroid hormones. Rough ER contains ribosomes that make proteins

35
Q

What are the 2 types of proteins selected by rough ER from the cytosol?

A
  1. Transmembrane protein: partly translocated across ER membrane
  2. Water-soluble proteins: fully translocated across ER membrane
36
Q

What is the role of rough ER lumen

A

Proper protein folding and assembly.
- The ER lumen is an oxidative environment with cysteine residue that can form disulphide bonds required for tertiary structure.
- It contains chaperones which is responsible for protein folding.

4BBY1030 Cell Biology & Neuroscience (9 decks)

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