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Turfgrass Development > Lecture #2 > Flashcards

Lecture #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Seed?

A

Sexual reproductive propagule of a flowering plant (angiosperm).

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2
Q

What is a Floret?

A

A grass flower.

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3
Q

What is an angiosperm?

A

A flowering plant.

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4
Q

the Caryopsis is sandwiched between two floral bracts called:

A

Lemma and Palea

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5
Q

define Caryopsis:

A

a small, dry, one seeded fruit. (the seed)

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6
Q

a modified leaf is called a

A

bract

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7
Q

The bigger, lowermost (outer) floral bract that encloses the floret is called the:

A

Lemma

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8
Q

The smaller, uppermost (inner) of the two bracts enclosing the floret is called the:

A

Palea

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9
Q

give an example of a type of grass that by threshing, the lemma and palea can be seperated.

A

Bermudagrass

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10
Q

(Inside the Caryopsis) The outer, protective layer of the seed is called the:

A

Seed Coat

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11
Q

What is the Scutellum and what does it do?

A

Single cotyledon of grass inside the seed that, after respiration begins, produces giberellins.

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12
Q

Coleoptile

A

Protective sheath of the Plumule (embryonic shoot)

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13
Q

define Shoot Apex:

A

The meristem where new shoots arise from

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14
Q

What is the Radicle?

A

The first Seminal (primary) root to emerge from the seed.

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15
Q

What is the Coleorhiza?

A

The sheeth that protects the Radicle

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16
Q

what are the necessary factors for seed germination?

What are the most important ones?

A
  • Water
  • Proper Temperature
  • Oxygen
  • non-dormant seed
  • Light – (Cool season grasses do not require light for germination, but some warm season grasses like crabgrass do have a light requirement.)
  • _Water, Proper Temp. and Oxygen are the most important. _
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17
Q

What initiates the seed germination process?

A

Water initiates process – seed absorbs or imbibes water, it swells and considerable pressure develops within it

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18
Q

In the germination process, after the seed abides water, what happens next?

A

The seed coat ruptures and Aerobic Respiration occurs – requiring oxygen.

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19
Q

What is the optimum temperature range for seed germination?

A

Optimum temperature range is between 25-30 degrees Celsius.

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20
Q

Define what Aerobic Respiration does

A

-Initiates biochemical and morphological events that result in the development of a seedling plant.

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21
Q

What does Aerobic Respiration trigger the Scutellum to do?

A

-Triggers scutellum to produce hormones called giberellins.

22
Q

What do the Giberellins do?

A

They stimulate the aleurone layer to make enzymes.

Enzymes breakdown starch from the endosperm into sugar for food.

23
Q

What is absorbed by the Embryo?

A

Sugars for food

24
Q

The Plumule grows to become the:

A

The Shoot

25
Q

The Radicle grows to become the

A

The first root - (Seminal or Primary Root)

26
Q

What factors lead to succesful seedling development?

A
  • Available Moisture
  • **Temperature - soil temps ctirical **
  • Oxygen
  • Sufficient Light - C3 grasses do not require light, but some C4 grasses do (ex. crabgrass)
27
Q

How old should the seed be to germinate most effectively?

A

1 year old

28
Q

What time of year is C3 seed normally harvested?

A

June and July

29
Q

Define After Ripening Dormancy:

A
  • some seeds need to go through a complex series of enzymatic and biological changes – after-ripening–before germination will occur.
  • • Generally the conditions following seed
    ripening are unfavorable for seedling
    establishment due to drought, disease and
    excessive weed competition.
    • As a result most grass seed has evolved
    after-ripening dormancy to delay germination
    until cooler more favorable conditions prevail
30
Q

The Coleorhiza is what?

A

The sheath that protects the radicle.

31
Q

What is the origin of a grass seed? How is it formed?

A

Floret. It gets polinated.

32
Q

Aleurone Layer

A

Thin protein layer that produces the enzymes that breakdown starch in the endosperm into sugar (food)

33
Q

Endosperm.

What is it and what does it do?

A

FOOD SUPPLY:: Contains starch that is broken down into sugar by enzymes for food supply during germination.

34
Q

What is the Embryo?

A

Miniature plant.

35
Q

Sexual reproductive propagule of a flowering plant (angiosperm).

A

What is a Seed?

36
Q

A grass flower.

A

What is a Floret?

37
Q

A flowering plant.

A

What is an angiosperm?

38
Q

Lemma and Palea

A

the Caryopsis is sandwiched between two floral bracts called:

39
Q

a small, dry, one seeded fruit. (the seed)

A

define Caryopsis:

40
Q

bract

A

a modified leaf is called a

41
Q

Lemma

A

The bigger, lowermost (outer) floral bract that encloses the floret is called the:

42
Q

Palea

A

The smaller, uppermost (inner) of the two bracts enclosing the floret is called the:

43
Q

Seed Coat

A

(Inside the Caryopsis) The outer, protective layer of the seed is called the:

44
Q

Protective sheath of the Plumule (embryonic shoot)

A

Coleoptile

45
Q

The meristem where new shoots arise from

A

define Shoot Apex:

46
Q

The first Seminal (primary) root to emerge from the seed.

A

What is the Radicle?

47
Q

The sheeth that protects the Radicle

A

What is the Coleorhiza?

48
Q

They stimulate the aleurone layer to make enzymes.

Enzymes breakdown starch from the endosperm into sugar for food.

A

What do the Giberellins do?

49
Q

The first root - (Seminal or Primary Root)

A

The Radicle grows to become the

50
Q

FOOD SUPPLY:: Contains starch that is broken down into sugar by enzymes for food supply during germination.

A

Endosperm.

What is it and what does it do?

51
Q

Miniature plant.

A

What is the Embryo?

Turfgrass Development (4 decks)

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