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Neurology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Frontal Lobe : posterior

A

Motor cortex: responsible for planning and controlling voluntary mvmnts on contralateral side

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2
Q

Frontal Lobe: Dominant frontal lobe

A

usually left; Broca’s area

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3
Q

Frontal lobe: anterior

A

planning, concentration, brining ideas and memories together to carry out goal directed behaviors
also influences personality, insight, initiative, morality, impulse control and appropriate emotional display

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4
Q

anterior parietal lobe

A

perception of somatosensory info from contralateral side of head, neck and extremities

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5
Q

temporoparietal association area

A

integrates sensory inputs with memory and emotion (allows us to recognize patterns in our sensory experiences)
-plays role in spatial orientation

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6
Q

Post-Inf parietal lobe and sup. temporal lobe

A

Wernicke’s area

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7
Q

Occipital lobe: 2 main areas

A

perception of visual info

1) primary visual cortex: post pole (makes us aware of stimuli)
2) visual association area (visual stimuli are analyzed)

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8
Q

Temporal lobe: sup regions

A

primary auditory complex and auditory association areas

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9
Q

Temporal lobe: inf parts

A

assist occipital lobe in higher order processing of vision

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10
Q

Temporal lobe: medial parts

A

contains hippocampus and amygdala: memory and learning

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11
Q

Limbic lobe

A

not distinct anatomic location; important for emotional responses and active behaviors

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12
Q

Cerebellum

A

provides motor programs for controlling timing and sequencing of voluntary muscle contractions
-controls muscle tone, balance and equilibrium

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13
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

provides motor programs for complex, learned activity

-moduclates activity of cortical motor neurons so muscle tone is appropriate for any planned mvmnts

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14
Q

Brainstem

A
  • contains pathways conducting sensory and motor input btwn cerebrum and spinal cord and btwn cerebrum and cerebellum
  • contains groups of neurons (reticular formation) control major autonomic fxns: cardioresp reflexes, consciousness, balance and equilibrium
  • also contains CN III-XII
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15
Q

Upper Motor Neurons

A

neurons within the cortical spinal tract that are found above the level of synapse (above the anterior horn in the spinal cord)

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16
Q

Upper motor neuron lesions: results and where they occur

A

produce: weakness and sensory loss, spasticity, no atrophy, no fasciculations, brisk reflexes and positive babinski
- cerebrum, subcortical area (white and grey matter), brainstem, spinal cord

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17
Q

Lower Motor Neurons

A

neurons within the cortical spinal tract that are found below the level of synapse (below the anterior horn in the spinal cord)

18
Q

Lower Motor Neuron lesions: results and where they occur

A

produce: weakness and sensory loss, atrophy, fasciculations, decrease in reflexes, negative babinski
- occur in anterior horn cells, roots, plexus, nerves, neuromuscular jxn, muscle

19
Q

Corticospinal tract: location, where it crosses over and where it synapses

A

Originate in the motor cortex (frontal lobe) and travel down to brainstem and medulla

  • crosses over in medulla
  • continues down to spinal cord where it synapses with the anterior horn cells
20
Q

Corticalspinal tract fxns:

A
  • mediate voluntary mvmnts
  • integrate skilled, fine, complicated mvmnts
  • *L side in brain controls R side of body
21
Q

Spinothalamic Tract: location, where it crosses over

A
  • originates in the spinal cord : in the grey matter is where it synapses
  • crosses over in the spinal cord
22
Q

Spinothalamic tract fxns:

A

Crude touch, temp, and pain ; transmits these to the thalamus

23
Q

Posterior column

A
  • Sensory pathway: goes thru the posterior root into posterior column and travels back up spinal cord
  • crosses over in the medulla
  • fxn = fine touch, proprioception and vibration
24
Q

Laterlization: Brain

A

Both motor and sensory are contralateral

25
Q

Laterlization: Spinal Cord

A
  • Corticalspinal and Post. Column are ipsilateral
  • Spinothalamic: contralateral
  • i think this is because post. column and cortical spinal cross over before spinal cord and spinothalamic crosses over at spinal cord
26
Q

Subcortical Area includes:

A

Internal capsule
Thalamus
Basal Ganglia

27
Q

Internal capsule lesions

A

shows: UMN weakness and sensory loss affecting contralateral face, upper extremity, lower extremity and hemibody

28
Q

Difference btwn cortical and subcortical injuries

A

Cortical injuries: produce Both motor and sensory deficits

Subcortical injuries: produce pure motor OR sensory deficits

29
Q

Thalamus lesion:

A

produces contralateral hemisensory loss

30
Q

Basal Ganglia lesisons

A

produce contralateral mvmnt disorders:

  • involuntary mvmnts: chorea, hemiballismus, athetosis
  • dystonic muscle contractions
  • Parkinsonism
31
Q

Brainstem Lesion

A

IPSILATERAL CN deficit, accompanied by sensory &/or motor problems on the contralateral trunk and extremities

32
Q

Common Brainstem Lesions

A
  • CN III: ptosis, down and out, mydriasis
  • CN VII: central vs peripheral:
  • -> central: UMN in tact, lower part of face affected
  • ->peripheral: LMN lesion; both upper and lower part of face is affected
33
Q

dorsal right pons

A

gaze palsy when looking to right

34
Q

Cerebellum lesion : hemisphere lesions

A

ataxia/incoordination on the SAME side as lesion

35
Q

Cerebellum lesion: vermis lesions

A

result in wide based “drunken sailor” gait

36
Q

Spinal Cord lesions

A
  • sensory deficit and muscle weakness below level of spinal cord
  • sensory deficit: both anteriorly and posteriorly
  • acute lesion: DTRs diminished or absent
  • slower in onset: increased muscle tone, hyperreflexia, and (+) babinski
37
Q

Nerve Root lesions: Radiculopathy

A

LMN weakness, pain and sensory loss within one myotome or dermatome (in distribution of affected nerve root)

38
Q

Plexus lesion: Plexopathy

A

LMN weakness and numbness in one limb that spans more than one nerve root
Like the brachial or lumbar plexus

39
Q

Neuropathy

A

affecting one specific nerve

examples: median nerve (carpal tunnel)

40
Q

Neuromuscular Jxn lesions

A

No sensory deficits

weakness and fatigue, but does not follow myotonal pattern

41
Q

Muscle lesions

A

weakness and fatigue: proximal > distal

No sensory deficits

Neurology (12 decks)

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