Lecture 2 Flashcards
follows a strict, predictable structure or set of conventions
formulaic
… Follows a strict, predictable structure or set of conventions
Academic writing
research conversations (joining ongoing discussions within a field of study
research conversations
Dimensions of research conversations
- means of communication
- topics
- codes of conduct
- opinion leadership
how can you take part in research conversations
- know what has been said before
- without repeating things we already know
- contrubite something new
- stick to the conversation rules (method, style)
looking at the reference list identifies important studies on which the focal study builds on
backward looking (cited refs)
identifies cutting-edge work (times cited
forward looking
helpful place to start academic writing
literature review
high-level paper strucure
- sections
- subsections
- paragraphs
- first and last sentence
- evidence arguments within paragraph
How to keep things manageable in structuring
compartmentalizing
structure of quantitative paper
- Introduction
- theoretical background
- methods and data
- results
- discussion
- conclusion
structure of qualitative paper
-introduction
- methods
- findings
- theory
- interpretation
- conclusion
In what social setting is the research conducted?
What empirical setting (individuals, group(s), occupation(s), organization(s), industry, etc.) do you use to examine your question
Social setting
What data do you use to answer your question? How do you analyse the data?
Research design and analysis
data are typically not in numerical form, but textual, visual, audio. Analyses are more verbal / rhetorical in nature. tend to be process focused. Heavy focus on the why or how; deep, embedded understanding of the phenomenon of interest. Induction
qualitative research
data are typically in numerical form. Analyses are inferential in nature. Regression based; explaining variation; Obtain statistical evidence to support or reject hypotheses. Focus on the strength of relationships between concepts. The mechanisms are theorized, but often not explicitly tested.Deduction
quantitative data
In ….work, you need to report your steps in such a way that a person with the same data would get the same results. (reproductability)
quantitative
In work, one might even argue that the same person with the same data doesn’t need to come to the same results.
qualitative
Explain and justify methodological choices and/or interpretations in detail
dependability
Neutrality - results should not be caused by researcher bias, motivation, or interest.
Confirmability
Confidence in the ‘truth’ of the results (i.e., not simply wrong).
credibility
The total set of observations of interest to your study
Population
The subset of the population that you empirically study
Sample
The process of selecting units from a population.
sampling
The major entity that is being analyzed. Note: Ensure that your … is aligned with your Research Question
Unit of analysis
Drawing conclusions about individuals based on group data. The error of making conclusions about individuals based on data or characteristics of a group to which they belong.
Ecological fallacy
Drawing conclusions about a group based on exceptional cases.
The error of making conclusions about an entire group based on an unusual or exceptional case.
Exception fallacy
Data that is hand-collected specifically for your research
Primary data
Primary data of qualitative and quantititative research
survey, interview
Pre-existing data that can be used for your research.
Secondary data
Secondary data for quantitative and qualitative data
internal memos, archival data
A sample taken at a single point in time.
refers to data collected from a group or sample at a specific point in time. It provides a “snapshot” of the variables being studied but does not track changes over time.
cross-sectional data
Observations over time.
it tracks changes, trends, and patterns across time.
longitudinal data
New cross-sections every time.
Repeated / Pooled cross-sections
Observations of a variable over time (underlying sample may change; common in finance)
Time series
Time-series for each cross-sectional member. Often seen as the gold standard.
Combines aspects of both time series and cross-sectional data by tracking the same individuals, groups, or entities over time.
Panel data
The approximate truth of propositions, inferences, or conclusions.
validity
The extent to which a piece of evidence supports a claim about cause and effect, within the context of a particular study
Internal validity
The degree to which the conclusions in your study would hold for other persons in other places and at other times
external validity
accuracy of a measure. The degree to which inferences can legitimately be drawn from the operationalizations in your study to the theoretical constructs on which those operationalizations were based.
Ensures that your study measures what it’s supposed to measure, based on the theoretical concept (or construct) you are studying.
Construct validity
consistency of a measure . A measure is said to have a high … if it produces similar results under consistent conditions.
reliabilty
fundamental principles of good research design
- match your design to your question
- match construct definition with operantionalization
- specify your model
- use measures with construct validity
- choose samples and procedures appropriate to your RQ
What exists and our view on the nature of reality.
Ontology
perceived relation with knowledge (i.e. we are part of knowledge, or external to it). How we should investigate the world. Study of knowledge and how we come to know things.
Epistemology
how we go about discovering and creating knowledge. Details of how we collect data.
Method
Reality exists independently of observers there is a single truth. facts exist, and can be revealed
Realism
Reality exists, but its structure is a function of the human mind. Truth exists, but nu description of it can be proven to be true. Facts are concrete, but cannot always be revealed
internal realism
Scientific laws are created by people to fit their view in reality. each point of view has its own truth. facts depend on the viewpoint of the observer
relativism
Only physical particulars in time and space are real. there is no universal truth. facts are all human creations
Nominalism
ontology assumptions
- realism
- internal realism
- relativism
- nominalism
epistemology assumptions
-positivism (quantitative)
-social constructionism (qualitative)
The best way to investigate the world is through objective methods, such as observations. fits within a realist ontology.
Positivism
Reality does not exist by itself. Instead, it is constructed and given meaning by people. The focus is on feelings, beliefs and thoughts, and how people communicate these. fits better with a relativist ontology
Social constructionism
positivism fits within a …
realist ontology
social constructionism fits with …
relativist ontology
