Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PCL200 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

other names for conditioned learning

A

associative learning or pavlovian learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

to survive, the brain must (conditioning)

A

form associations between the environmental cues that precede an event and the outcome of the event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

by forming associations the brain can

A

predict what comes next and can seek out a good outcome and avoid a bad one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

dopamine is for

A

good and bad outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pavlov’s experiment

A
  • studying the physiology of digestion in dogs
  • noticed that dogs salivate at sight of person who fed them
  • rang a bell just before he fed the dogs
  • after several repetitions the dogs would begin to salivate when the bell rang
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

dopamine is responsible for

A

associative learning, prediction and calculation of outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

dopamine is associated with

A

movement
- key ingredient for a decision
- move towards something good, away from something bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

parkinson’s leads to difficulty with

A

motor skills
- dopamine neurons are dying and continue to die
- leads to less and less movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

dopamine dendrites are only in

A

one section of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

characteristics of dopamine dendrites

A
  • darker in humans
  • send their axons throughout the brain
  • they live in the substantia nigra and tegmental area and extend broadly throughout the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

action of dopamine neurons

A
  • synaptic vesicles have little molecules of dopamine
  • is released whenever an action potential travels to the end
  • opens the calcium channels and the packet opens and it lands on a dopamine receptor
  • the brain uses the dopamine transporter (DAT) as a major way of clearing dopamine
  • this DAT essentially vacuums the dopamine back up and recycles it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T/F there are some drugs that will prevent the transport from working, leading to more activation of receptors

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what drugs prevent this DAT from working

A

cocaine, meth, amphetamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T/F we are born with limited amounts of dopamine

A

true, once they die there is no way to replace them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ADD DOPAMINE FIRING CHARTS

A

describe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what was the rat dopamine experiment

A
  • they listened to the neurons in rats after giving them a sweet reward
  • neurons got excited about the reward initially
  • then it showed that the neurons got excited about a stimulus that made them anticipate the sweet reward (ringing a bell or turning a light on)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does dopamine do

A
  • there is a steady state of dopamine firing that occurs to make movement possible. if you have no dopamine you cannot move, dopamine facilitates voluntary movement
  • dopamine fires more when something new or unexpected happens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

definition of addiction

A
  • defined as a compulsion to take a drug or engage in an activity despite adverse consequences
19
Q

physical dependence definition

A
  • people know its not good for them and yet they persist
  • makes people look bad
20
Q

who is vulnerable to addiction

A
  • people who consume addictive drugs
  • environmental risk factors
  • people with psychiatric disorders
  • family member with addiction disorder
  • men have higher rates than women
  • genetic risk factors may be specific to drug of abuse
21
Q

two diagrams

A

early and late addiction

22
Q

cycle of addiction

A
  • drug seeking creates an association in your brain that leads you to want to take it
  • then leads to compulsive drug use and then tolerance
  • then you get relief from that withdrawal (feel better while taking it)
  • then leads to acute withdrawal (could lead to prolonged withdrawal, which leads to abstinence)
23
Q

what are two forms of addictive drugs

A
  • drugs that increase firing rate of dopamine neurons
  • drugs that increase the synaptic levels of dopamine by affecting the uptake mechanism (DAT)
24
Q

what are some examples of addictive drugs for the first form

A

opiates, alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, nicotine

25
Q

what are some examples of addictive drugs for the second form

A

cocaine, crack, amphetamine, methamphetamine

26
Q

what are some drugs that are abused but are not highly addictive

A
  • hallucinogens (mescaline)
  • LSD
  • psilocybin
  • PCP
  • ketamine
  • salvia
27
Q

why are depressants addictive

A

depressants are high doses will reduce the activity of all neurons, depressants at low doses will disinhibit dopamine neurons (inhibit the inhibitors which leads to burst firing of dopamine, which leads to a big surge of it)

28
Q

burst of dopamine feels like

A

euphoria

29
Q

when the depressant binds to its receptor, the neuron

A

releases less GABA

30
Q

another way to get addicted is to prevent

A

reuptake
- leads to a build up of dopamine
- more dopamine receptors being activated

31
Q

three features of addictive drugs

A

○ They increase the levels of dopamine in the synapse
§ By increase firing rate or preventing clearance
○ They rapidly cross the blood barrier so that there is little time between taking the drug and feeling the effect (increase of dopamine)
○ Repeated use causes physical dependence, with unpleasant withdrawal symptoms that encourage more use

32
Q

drug tolerance occurs after

A

repeated use of the drug

33
Q

the effects of a drug both beneficial or adverse

A

diminish as the body adjusts its physiology to adapt to the presence of the drug

34
Q

drug dependence is a physical adaptation where the body and brain

A

do not function normally without the continued presence of the drug

35
Q

the absence of a drug after becoming dependent leads to

A

withdrawal symptoms

36
Q

drugs for opioid withdrawal

A

methadone or buprenorphine

37
Q

drugs for tobacco withdrawal

A

nicotine or varenicline

38
Q

drugs for alcohol withdrawal

A

benzodiazepines

39
Q

drugs for alcohol use disorder

A

naltrexone

40
Q

how do OUD meds work in the brain

A

there are empty opioid receptors in the brain during withdrawal

41
Q

methadone is a

A

full agonist (generates the effect)

42
Q

buprenorphine is a

A

partial agonist (generates a weaker, limited effect)

43
Q

naltrexone is a

A

antagonist (blocks effect)

PCL200 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions