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Kin 255 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

receptors

A

stimulus energy to electric potentials can be transmitted and interpreted by the nervous system

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2
Q

sensory neuron

A

pns pathway to cns

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3
Q

mechanoreceptors-
photoreceptors-
chemoreceptors-
thermoreceptors -

A

mechanical energy
light nergy
chemical energy
thermal energy

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4
Q

common to all sensory receptors

A

mechanisms by wich the stimulus energy leads to change in the electrochemicla state of the cell or axon

a mechanism to convert passive receptor potientials into an action potential

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5
Q

how are receptor potentionals generated

A

gerenarated by the influx and efflux of ions

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6
Q

how are action potentioan generated

A

generated by the influx efflux of ions and are kept alive bc they regenerate

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7
Q

types of stimulus segregation by receoptors

A
  • type
  • duration, onnset, offset
  • intensity
  • location
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8
Q

Stimulus modality stuff

A

somatosensory
vestibular
visual
auditory

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9
Q

somatosensory

A

any mechanoreceptors or themoreceptros or nociceptors that are in skin, fatty tisue beneath the skin, muscle or muscle tissue

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10
Q

Vestibular

A

mechanoreceptors in the otoliths/labrynths of the inner ear

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11
Q

Visual

A

photoreceptors located in the retina

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12
Q

auditory

A

mechanoreceptors located in the cochlea of the ear.

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13
Q

fast adapting and slow adapting sensory responces

A

Fast adapting is vigorous but transient. responds to sudden changes in the stimulus energy

Slow addapting is measured but sustained and responds to a constant stimulus energy.

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14
Q

how does photoreceptors work

A

absorb photons from visible light wavelenghths leading to a chemical reaction that generates the receptro potential

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15
Q

pathway for photo receptors when light hits them

A

pigment absorbs light

Na+ gated ion chanels are cloosed

this decreases the receptor potential

this releases less nuerotransitters

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16
Q

how does photoreceptors work with bipolar cells

A

they use bipolar cells to sned a clear stimulus to the ganglia wich is the sensory nerve. The smaller the receptor potential the stronger the stimulus energy

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17
Q

the two types of photoreceptors

how much they represent

where they located

what they have

what colours they do

A

rods and conses

96 % rods 4% cones

Rods: along the border of the retina
Cones: in the middle of the retina

Rods: have rhodhopsin
Cones: have iodopsin

Rods: cyan/green
cones: there are three types each representing thier own waveleghnths

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18
Q

what are hair cells and what do they mediate

A

mechanorepceptors that mediate audio and vestibular senses

embedded in the semicircular canals mediate out sense of angular head rotation

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19
Q

The tonotopic map

A

generated by the differential composition of the basilar membrane as it winds around the cochlea

The locations of the specific axons generating action potentials represents a specific frequency of sound

20
Q

Semi circuluar canals that mediate sense of angular head rotation

A

Horizantal canal - Head yaw (head side to side)
Superior canal - Head pitch (nodding of the head)
Posterior canal - Head roll (moving the head to touch shoulder)

21
Q

Hair cells embedded in the otolith organs (mechanoreceptors: hair cells)

A

Hair cells embedded in the otolith organs mediate our perception of head translation and gravitational forces

22
Q

Otolith organs: Utricle (Hair cells)

A

responsible for horizantal acceleration of the head

23
Q

Otolith organs: Saccule (Hair cells)

A

responsible for the vertical acceleration of the head (relative to gravity)

24
Q

Mechanoreceptors: Cutaneous receptors

A

translate mechanical forces acting on the skin into receptor potential through mechanically gated ion channels

25
Q

What are the cutaneous mechanoreceptors

A

Meissner’s corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscle
Merkel disk receptor
Ruffini ending (SA)

26
Q

Cutaneous mechanoreceptors : corpuscles

A

Na+ and Ca2+ ions channels on an exposed nerve ending are mechanically deformed as corpuscle is compressed

27
Q

Merkel disk and Ruffini endings

A

Na+ and Ca2+ ions channels on an exposed nerve ending are mechanically deformed as skin is stretched

Mechanical deformation creates a pore for ions to flow through

28
Q

What are the superficial cutanous receptors (1)

A

Messner corpuscles (RA1)
Merkel disk (SA1)

29
Q

what are the fast adapting cutaneous receptors (RA)

A

Meissner corpuscles (RA 1)
Pacinian corpuscle (RA 2)

29
Q

What are the deep cutaneous receptors (2)

A

Pacinian corpuscle (RA2)
Ruffini ending (SA2)

30
Q

What are the slow adapting (SA)

A

Merkel disk (SA1)
Ruffini ending (SA2)

31
Q

Superficial cutaneous receptors

A

Have small receptive fields
Are densely populated in areas of the skin used to explore objects

32
Q

Deep receptors

A

Have larger receptive fields
Are best situated to detect vibrations in objects (shifting liquid inside a water bottle)k

33
Q

Mechanoreceptors: Proprioceptors

A

Proprioceptors translate mechanical forces generated by the body’s own position and movement

Internal sense of body

34
Q

Proprioceptors: Golgi tendon organ

A

Tuned to sense muscle force

35
Q

Proprioceptors: muscle spindle fibers

A

Tuned to sense muscle length (sensitive to stretch)

36
Q

Proprioreceptors: Joint receptors

A

Tuned to sense (extreme) joint angles
Protective against injury

37
Q

Orientation of spindle fibers (proprioceptors)

A

Spindle fibers (intradusal muscle fibers) are positioned parallel to standard skeletal muscles fibers (extrafusal muscle fibers)

Lengthen and shorten as extrafusal fibers contract and relax

38
Q

What happens when muscle relaxation stretches the spindle fibers (proprioceptors)

A

tension on the spindle fiber surface pulls open the mechanically gated ion channels

influx of ions generates a receptor potential

39
Q

What happens when muscle contraction releases stretch tension

A

mechanically gated ion channels fold in on themselves

Ions channels become less permeable, decreasing the receptor potential

40
Q

What are the two classes of spindle fibers (proprioceptors)

A

Dynamic Group
Activity is a function of both muscle length and rate of change in muscle length

Static Group
Activity is a function of muscle length

41
Q

Where are the Golgi Tendon Organs and how do they work???

A

located in series between the muscle fibers and the muscle tendon

Forces generated by the mucles and transmitted to the bone (via the tendon) must act on the GTO

42
Q

Mechanoreceptors: Nociceptive receptors

A

Nociceptive mechanoreceptors translate mechanical, chemical and thermal forces from damaged tissue or the threat of damage to tissue

bare nerve endings

43
Q
A
44
Q

Nociceptors are senstivie to..

A

Thermal - activated by extreme temperatures

Mechanical - activated by intense pressure on the skin

Chemical - activated by internal or external toxins

Polymodal - activated by chemical, thermal or mechanical stimuli

Kin 255 (2 decks)

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