LECTURE 2 Flashcards

1
Q

role of vertebrate immune systems

A

detect and response to changes in homeostasis

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2
Q

4 areas vulnerable to infection

A
  1. oral, naso-pharyngeal, respiratory tract
  2. GIT
  3. genito-urinary tract, uterus
  4. damaged skin
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3
Q

5 general features of immunity

A
  1. detection, recognition, specificity
  2. response (speed, accuracy)
  3. regulation
  4. resolution
  5. memory
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4
Q

what occurs at BM, thymus, bursa?

A

maturation

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5
Q

4 physical barriers

A
  1. skin (FA)
  2. stomach/vaginal pH
  3. gut peristalsis
  4. lysozyme in tears
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6
Q

where do immune cells become active?

A

in tissues, infection site, etc. (not in circulation)

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7
Q

which type of immune system do most species have?

A

innate

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8
Q

4 major players in innate immunity?

A
  1. epithelial cells
  2. phagocytes
  3. cytokines
  4. NK cells
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9
Q

describe myeloid differentiation pathway

A
  • HSC
  • PSC
  • common myeloid progenitor
  • monocyte, DCs, granulocytes
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10
Q

describe lymphoid differentiation pathway

A
  • HSC
  • PSC
  • common lymphoid progenitor
  • T, NK, B cells
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11
Q

where are immune cells made?

A

starts in yolk sac, then fetal liver, then BM at 6-8 weeks

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12
Q

3 characteristics of monocytes and DCs

A
  1. phagocytose
  2. round nuclei
  3. PRRs
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13
Q

2 processes that occur in BM, what are they driven by?

A
  1. erythropoiesis
  2. bone generation

driven by GFs, cytokines, and environment

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14
Q

6 steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. pseudopodia engulf pathogen
  2. endocytosis
  3. forms vacuole
  4. vacuole fuses with lysosome that has enzymes
  5. toxic compounds and enzymes destroy pathogens
  6. exocytosis of debris
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15
Q

3 results of phagocytosis

A
  1. more phagocytosis
  2. more PRR expression
  3. more cytokines
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16
Q

tissue resident macrophages in:
- brain
- lung
- liver
- kidney
- LN
- blood
- joints

A
  • brain –> microglia
  • lung –> AM
  • liver –> kupffer
  • kidney –> mesangial
  • LN –> resident + circulating
  • blood –> monocytes
  • joints –> synovial A
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17
Q

what system are macrophages part of?

A

reticulo-endothelial system

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18
Q

6 cytokines released by macrophages

A

IL17, IL1, IL8, TNFa, IL6, IL12

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19
Q

what do the macrophage cytokines recruit?

A

granulocytes

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20
Q

4 functions of macrophages

A
  1. activate immunity
  2. acute phase response
  3. increase adhesion molecules
  4. recruit immune cells
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21
Q

difference btwn number of macrophages and DCs

A

fewer DCs

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22
Q

what do NK cells detect?

A

abnormal cells

23
Q

3 types of T cells

A

CD3, CD4, CD8

24
Q

2 types of TCR

A

alpha beta, gamma delta

25
what are ILCs?
lymphocytes in tissues from CLP
26
lymphoid cells for intracellular defense?
NK, ILC1, Th1
27
lymphoid cells for helminths, allergy?
ILC2, Th2
28
lymphoid cells for extracellular defense?
ILC3, LTi, Th17
29
generally, how is adaptive immunity initiated?
PRR:PAMP --> chemotaxis to LN --> T cell activated
30
what is in the LN?
packed with lymphocytes from thymus, BM
31
how is LN connected to periphery? where are LN generally located?
connected to periphery via lymph, blood located near vulnerable sites
32
describe T cell once it becomes activated?
1. larger 2. more cytoplasm 3. more ER, mt activity 4. cytokines
33
describe thymus activity thru life
most active in 1st 2 years, then gets smaller but still active
34
role of thymus and its 3 zones
thymocyte maturation capsule, cortex, medulla
35
what happens in the cortex?
lots of proliferation
36
how do cytokines induce diapedesis?
cytokines induce selectin on endothelial cells to tether cell for diapedesis
37
2 roles of circulation in infection
1. move immune cells to infection 2. move Ag (via APC) to LN
38
what type of organ is LN and spleen?
secondary lymphoid organ
39
Afferent lymphatic vessel?
move lymph TOWARDS LN
40
Efferent lymphatic vessel?
move lymph AWAY FROM LN
41
red and white pulp of spleen?
white: lymphatic tissues with lymphocytes around arteries red: sinus with blood and lymphocytes, macrophages
42
role of spleen
make T, B cells and induce response to blood-borne Ag
43
how is the liver involved in tolerance?
tolerate dietary Ag and toxins and induce anti-inflammatory cytokines
44
anti-inflammatory cytokines?
IL10, TGFB
45
how is the liver involved in immunity?
fight pathogens and malignancy and induce pro-inflammatory cytokines
46
pro-inflammatory cytokines?
IL1, IFNy, TNFa
47
which roles of the liver done by hepatocytes?
tolerating dietary Ag and toxins and fighting pathogens and malignancy
48
which cells induce cytokines in the liver?
myeloid cells in the liver
49
why is the liver important in immunity?
shifting from LOCAL to SYSTEMIC inflammation
50
why do you need to shift to systemic inflammation?
if infection is too overwhelming
51
what is it called when you shift from local to systemic inflammation?
acute phase response
52
describe induction of acute phase response
IL6, TNFa, IL1, IL8 activate receptors on hepatocytes, causes decrease in normal liver proteins and increase in acute phase proteins
53
results of acute phase response
- acts within liver - acts on brain --> fever - acts on BM --> promote hematopoiesis - Kupffer cells release macrophages - CRP and MBP opsonize to detect and amplify phagocytosis
54
examples of acute phase proteins
CRP, fibrinogen, complement, MBP, PTX, SAA