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Fundamental Immunology MCQ #1 > LECTURE 2 > Flashcards

LECTURE 2 Flashcards

1
Q

role of vertebrate immune systems

A

detect and response to changes in homeostasis

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2
Q

4 areas vulnerable to infection

A
  1. oral, naso-pharyngeal, respiratory tract
  2. GIT
  3. genito-urinary tract, uterus
  4. damaged skin
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3
Q

5 general features of immunity

A
  1. detection, recognition, specificity
  2. response (speed, accuracy)
  3. regulation
  4. resolution
  5. memory
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4
Q

what occurs at BM, thymus, bursa?

A

maturation

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5
Q

4 physical barriers

A
  1. skin (FA)
  2. stomach/vaginal pH
  3. gut peristalsis
  4. lysozyme in tears
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6
Q

where do immune cells become active?

A

in tissues, infection site, etc. (not in circulation)

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7
Q

which type of immune system do most species have?

A

innate

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8
Q

4 major players in innate immunity?

A
  1. epithelial cells
  2. phagocytes
  3. cytokines
  4. NK cells
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9
Q

describe myeloid differentiation pathway

A
  • HSC
  • PSC
  • common myeloid progenitor
  • monocyte, DCs, granulocytes
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10
Q

describe lymphoid differentiation pathway

A
  • HSC
  • PSC
  • common lymphoid progenitor
  • T, NK, B cells
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11
Q

where are immune cells made?

A

starts in yolk sac, then fetal liver, then BM at 6-8 weeks

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12
Q

3 characteristics of monocytes and DCs

A
  1. phagocytose
  2. round nuclei
  3. PRRs
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13
Q

2 processes that occur in BM, what are they driven by?

A
  1. erythropoiesis
  2. bone generation

driven by GFs, cytokines, and environment

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14
Q

6 steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. pseudopodia engulf pathogen
  2. endocytosis
  3. forms vacuole
  4. vacuole fuses with lysosome that has enzymes
  5. toxic compounds and enzymes destroy pathogens
  6. exocytosis of debris
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15
Q

3 results of phagocytosis

A
  1. more phagocytosis
  2. more PRR expression
  3. more cytokines
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16
Q

tissue resident macrophages in:
- brain
- lung
- liver
- kidney
- LN
- blood
- joints

A
  • brain –> microglia
  • lung –> AM
  • liver –> kupffer
  • kidney –> mesangial
  • LN –> resident + circulating
  • blood –> monocytes
  • joints –> synovial A
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17
Q

what system are macrophages part of?

A

reticulo-endothelial system

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18
Q

6 cytokines released by macrophages

A

IL17, IL1, IL8, TNFa, IL6, IL12

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19
Q

what do the macrophage cytokines recruit?

A

granulocytes

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20
Q

4 functions of macrophages

A
  1. activate immunity
  2. acute phase response
  3. increase adhesion molecules
  4. recruit immune cells
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21
Q

difference btwn number of macrophages and DCs

A

fewer DCs

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22
Q

what do NK cells detect?

A

abnormal cells

23
Q

3 types of T cells

A

CD3, CD4, CD8

24
Q

2 types of TCR

A

alpha beta, gamma delta

25
Q

what are ILCs?

A

lymphocytes in tissues from CLP

26
Q

lymphoid cells for intracellular defense?

A

NK, ILC1, Th1

27
Q

lymphoid cells for helminths, allergy?

A

ILC2, Th2

28
Q

lymphoid cells for extracellular defense?

A

ILC3, LTi, Th17

29
Q

generally, how is adaptive immunity initiated?

A

PRR:PAMP –> chemotaxis to LN –> T cell activated

30
Q

what is in the LN?

A

packed with lymphocytes from thymus, BM

31
Q

how is LN connected to periphery? where are LN generally located?

A

connected to periphery via lymph, blood

located near vulnerable sites

32
Q

describe T cell once it becomes activated?

A
  1. larger
  2. more cytoplasm
  3. more ER, mt activity
  4. cytokines
33
Q

describe thymus activity thru life

A

most active in 1st 2 years, then gets smaller but still active

34
Q

role of thymus and its 3 zones

A

thymocyte maturation

capsule, cortex, medulla

35
Q

what happens in the cortex?

A

lots of proliferation

36
Q

how do cytokines induce diapedesis?

A

cytokines induce selectin on endothelial cells to tether cell for diapedesis

37
Q

2 roles of circulation in infection

A
  1. move immune cells to infection
  2. move Ag (via APC) to LN
38
Q

what type of organ is LN and spleen?

A

secondary lymphoid organ

39
Q

Afferent lymphatic vessel?

A

move lymph TOWARDS LN

40
Q

Efferent lymphatic vessel?

A

move lymph AWAY FROM LN

41
Q

red and white pulp of spleen?

A

white: lymphatic tissues with lymphocytes around arteries

red: sinus with blood and lymphocytes, macrophages

42
Q

role of spleen

A

make T, B cells and induce response to blood-borne Ag

43
Q

how is the liver involved in tolerance?

A

tolerate dietary Ag and toxins and induce anti-inflammatory cytokines

44
Q

anti-inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL10, TGFB

45
Q

how is the liver involved in immunity?

A

fight pathogens and malignancy and induce pro-inflammatory cytokines

46
Q

pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

IL1, IFNy, TNFa

47
Q

which roles of the liver done by hepatocytes?

A

tolerating dietary Ag and toxins and fighting pathogens and malignancy

48
Q

which cells induce cytokines in the liver?

A

myeloid cells in the liver

49
Q

why is the liver important in immunity?

A

shifting from LOCAL to SYSTEMIC inflammation

50
Q

why do you need to shift to systemic inflammation?

A

if infection is too overwhelming

51
Q

what is it called when you shift from local to systemic inflammation?

A

acute phase response

52
Q

describe induction of acute phase response

A

IL6, TNFa, IL1, IL8 activate receptors on hepatocytes, causes decrease in normal liver proteins and increase in acute phase proteins

53
Q

results of acute phase response

A
  • acts within liver
  • acts on brain –> fever
  • acts on BM –> promote hematopoiesis
  • Kupffer cells release macrophages
  • CRP and MBP opsonize to detect and amplify phagocytosis
54
Q

examples of acute phase proteins

A

CRP, fibrinogen, complement, MBP, PTX, SAA

Fundamental Immunology MCQ #1 (6 decks)

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