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POPM*4230 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Approaches to Disease Control

A
  1. Eradication (Globally, Nationally and at farm level)
  2. Prevention and Exclusion
  3. Immunization
  4. Disease Management
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2
Q

What are 5 infectious agents

A

BACTERIA
VIRUSES
PRIONS
MYCOTIC
PARASITES

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3
Q

Characteristics of GLOBAL disease Eradictation

A

Characteristics of an eradicable disease:

  1. No carrier state
  2. No subclinical infection/short incubation period
  3. Limited to one species or family (e.g. ruminants)
  4. Available intervention – good quality vaccine or test
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4
Q

What is carrier state?

A

No clinical disease but potential to
transmit an infectious agent.

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5
Q

What is carrier state?

A

No clinical disease but potential to
transmit an infectious agent.

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6
Q

What is Subclinical Infection?

A

Not visible, but measurable in
some way.

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7
Q

What is Subclinical Infection?

A

Not visible, but measurable in
some way.

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8
Q

What is incubation period?

A

The period of time between when infection and signs of disease (or immunity) develop.

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9
Q

NATIONAL Disease Eradication

A

• Similar difficulties to global eradication
• Canada – free from:
1. Brucellosis – cattle, pigs
2. “TB free status” – except for Manitoba
• Mainly due to test and cull

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10
Q

FARM-LEVEL Disease Eradication

Methods include…

A

Depopulation and selective removal

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11
Q

FARM-LEVEL Disease Eradication

Methods include…

A

Depopulation and selective removal

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12
Q

What is depopulation?

A

• Large proportion or entire population of herd is
removed
• Depending on disease – determine what is done
and where

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13
Q

What is depopulation?

A

• Large proportion or entire population of herd is
removed
• Depending on disease – determine what is done
and where

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14
Q

What is selective removal?

A

• Deliberate euthanasia or removal of a minority of
infected animals to protect the well majority
• Need a screening or diagnostic test to be able to
detect disease

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15
Q

Selective removal test must:

A

a. Detect the disease agent
b. Test for evidence of an immune response to agent

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16
Q

What are the two types of selective removal tests?

A

Screening Test
• Applied to healthy animals
• Usually before clinical disease evident

Diagnostic Test
• Confirm or classify disease (may be follow up to
positive screening test)
• Applied to “abnormal” or “unhealthy” animals

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17
Q

What are the two types of selective removal tests?

A

Screening Test
• Applied to healthy animals
• Usually before clinical disease evident

Diagnostic Test
• Confirm or classify disease (may be follow up to
positive screening test)
• Applied to “abnormal” or “unhealthy” animals

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18
Q

FARM-LEVEL Disease Eradication

Selective Removal

A

We want to use a diagnostic test that we trust
the results from (i.e., an accurate diagnostic
test) = high sensitivity and specificity

• No diagnostic test performs perfectly well - there
will always be some misclassification of disease

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19
Q

FARM-LEVEL Disease Eradication

Selective Removal

A

We want to use a diagnostic test that we trust
the results from (i.e., an accurate diagnostic
test) = high sensitivity and specificity

• No diagnostic test performs perfectly well - there
will always be some misclassification of disease

20
Q

What do sensitivity and specificity testing tell us?

A

– The sensitivity and specificity of a test tell us how
well the test is able to correctly identify diseased
and healthy animals

21
Q

What is sensitivity testing?

A

= the ability of a test to identify truly diseased/
infected animals
= the proportion of truly diseased individuals that
the test diagnoses as diseased in the population

22
Q

What is specificity testing?

A

= the ability of a test to identify truly healthy or
non-diseased animals
= the proportion of truly healthy animals that the
test calls non-diseased

• If specificity is poor, then the test will call healthy
animals, diseased (↑ false positives)
• If specificity is high, there will be few false positives

23
Q

Predictive value of a test depends on

A

1: Characteristics of the test
- test specificity and test sensitivity

2: Prevalence of disease
in the population

24
Q

Predictive value of a test depends on

A

1: Characteristics of the test
- test specificity and test sensitivity

2: Prevalence of disease
in the population

25
Q

What is Predictive value of a test?

A

If an animal has a (+) test, what is the probability it is truly (+)?
= Positive Predictive Value (PPV)= p(D+|T+) or a/a+b

If an animal has a (-) test, what is the probability it is truly (-)?
= Negative Predictive Value (NPV)= p(d-|t-) or d/c+d

26
Q

Positive Predictive Value (PPV)=

A

PPV p(D+|T+) or a/a+b

27
Q

Positive Predictive Value (PPV)=

A

PPV p(D+|T+) or a/a+b

28
Q

Negative Predictive Value (NPV)=

A

(NPV)= p(d-|t-) or d/c+d

29
Q

Test sensitivity =

A

P(T+|D+)

30
Q

Test specificity =

A

P(t-|d-)

31
Q

Test specificity =

A

P(t-|d-)

32
Q

Approaches to Disease Control

  1. Prevention and Exclusion
A

All measures to exclude disease from
an unaffected population of animals

33
Q

Two main points of DISEASE PREVENTION/EXCLUSION

A
  1. Exclude disease from a geographic area
  2. Protect a given population within a geographic area
34
Q

Two main points of DISEASE PREVENTION/EXCLUSION

A
  1. Exclude disease from a geographic area
  2. Protect a given population within a geographic area
35
Q

Approaches to Disease Control

Immunizations

A

.

36
Q

Approaches to disease control

DISEASE MANAGEMENT

Methods (4)

A

a. Quarantine
b. Prophylactic treatment
c. Mass immunization
d. Environmental control

37
Q

Summarize approaches to disease control

Eradication, Prevention and Exclusion, Immunization and disease management

A
  1. Eradication
    • Global, national, farm-level
  2. Prevention and Exclusion
    • Stop disease from entering unaffected
    geographic areas; protect unaffected
    populations
  3. Immunization
  4. Disease Management
    • Quarantine, prophylactic treatment,
    immunization, environmental control
38
Q

What is Health Management (HM)?

A

Health management is the promotion of health
and prevention of disease in animals within the
economic/business framework

39
Q

What is Health Management (HM)?

A

Health management is the promotion of health
and prevention of disease in animals within the
economic/business framework

40
Q

What issues does health management recognize ?

A

animal welfare
human safety
environmental impact

41
Q

How is health management delivered?

A

Through a dynamic process

(in which selected management areas of importance to the industry, animal, and animal owner are identified and monitored.)

42
Q

3 ways to define a Health management problem

A
  1. No problem problem
  2. Old problem problem
  3. New problem problem
43
Q

3 ways to define a Health management problem

A
  1. No problem problem
  2. Old problem problem
  3. New problem problem
44
Q

5 principals of health management

A
  1. Promote Optimal Health
  2. Accommodate Business/Economic Realities
  3. Promote Animal Welfare
  4. Promote Human and Food Safety
  5. Consider potential environmental impact
45
Q

5 principals of health management

A
  1. Promote Optimal Health
  2. Accommodate Business/Economic Realities
  3. Promote Animal Welfare
  4. Promote Human and Food Safety
  5. Consider potential environmental impact
46
Q

What does it mean to set S.M.A.R.T goals?

A

• Specific
• Measurable
• Achievable
• Results oriented
• Time framed

POPM*4230 (2 decks)

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