Lecture 2 Flashcards
Hierarchical vs Parallel processing
Hierarchical: “steps” and each step is increasingly processed
Parallel: multiple processes occur simultaneously and help speed up processing by dividing task among diff pathways or regions
for complex interactions of various systems to complete tasks: end goal is the ____ not the movement. less concerned with how it’s completed
task
attractor wells
how easy can behaviors be changed? (deeper well= stronger habits to get rid)
mvmt emerges as result of interacting parts w/o need for specific command
self-organizaiton
as one parameter is changed and reaches a critical value new behavior emerges
non-linear properties
habituation vs sensitization
habituation: less response to a repeated stimulus overtime
sensitization: increased response t a repeated stimulus esp when it’s noxious/strong
after a person moves, 4 things are stored in memory
- initial mvmt conditions
- parameters used in general motor program
- knowledge of results (outcome)
- sensory consequences
classical conditioning
condition stimulus causes conditioned response that was formerly unconditioned
rewarded behaviors are repeated, punished, not repeated
operant conditioning
procedural learning
performed without thinking about it (HABIT)
declarative learning
requires awareness, attn, reflection
recalled knowledge
feedback vs feedfoward
slide 6
importance of transitions
push our more chronic pts into periods of instability to reach a new pattern of stability
good for a treatment modality so they can have increased variability of performance and use motor problem-solving
task oriented theory : Gordon’s investment principle
pt will plateu but eventually get better thru new strategy
selection of best strategy for task and now begins to refine the skill
less variable and more accurate performance
associative stage
conscious processing of task requirements; performance has many errors and variability
cognitive stage
minimal attention required; error detection present; stable performance
autonomous stage
novice, advanced, and expert stages and degrees of freedom
by the expert stage, all degrees of freedom are released. but at first, the learner wants to simplify mvmt and decrease degrees of freedom
how (or why) might we limit a patient’s movement or DOF?
bc it may help release DOF later
slide 12 skilled learning theory: Newell’s theory
give pt specific goals during the task.
let pt have perception of knowledge of performance / results
T/F learning can be measured directly
F (is inferred from behavior)
level of skill displayed at each trial ; Transient
performance
what are the factors contributing to motor learning?
intrinsic feedback, extrinsic feedback, and knowledge of results (best AFTER they processed their movement)
bad for motor learning because it tends to be “too corrective” and not give the pt a chance to make error
physical guidance
massed/blocked vs. distributed
distributed preferred
(STS 20 reps NOT back to back)
constant vs variable
variable preferred
great for motor learning
do something diff related btw the STS (pt educatioin, walking, etc)
contextual interference
whole vs part training
whole: entire skill from start to finish
part: breaking skill down into smaller parts
transfer of skill
e.g. STS for diff activities (squat, transfer, etc)
mental practice
good for motor learning
if pt cannot perform the task, then what?
- simplifying task w/o changing components (modify environment)
-teach compensation - do contrived activities, then return to task specific
compensation vs recovery
compensation: alt. strategies used (CRUTCHES, PWB, NWB)
recovery: achieving function through original process (but if they used a device before and after then there was no compensation)
the idea that it may not be the fact that pt can’t use arm, but bc they learned NOT to use it
learned non-use (compensation)
the act of _____ may be the primary reason that motor def remains
compensation
how patient looks in the clinic setting
performance
when to give feedback?
interval- time
ratio- reps (every # reps)
bandwidth: if learner’s performance is within acceptable range, no feedback given.
faded: frequency of feedback decreases overtime as the performance improves
bandwidth vs faded feedback
bandwidth: if learner’s performance is within acceptable range, no feedback given.
faded: frequency of feedback decreases overtime as the performance improves
what are the 3 organization of movement categories?
task (mobility, stability, manipulation)
individual (cognition, perception, action)
environment (regulatory or nonregulatory)
what context is this?
- movement needs to match features of the environment to be successful.
- Person NOT free to make the decision regarding spatial characteristics of the movement
- Timing can be a determinant of action
environmental context
what are the 2 regulatory conditions of tasks?
- fixed terrain, objects/people STATIONARY
- supporting surfaces, objects, or people in MOTION
when spatial features of the environment control spatial features of the movement
stationary
is timing specified during stationary?
no
person decides when to start and when to end
motion
motion in the environment (ball) occurs independently of the person’s movements and the person must match w/ environment
compensate when body delays in processing abilities
must keep making predictions
intertrial variability
changes in conditions of the task between attempts. considered absent (no difference between attempts) or present (environment varies between attempts)
as movement variability decreases
- less attn of movement
- pattern, trace, schema is formed
- CLOSED skill (straigtforward)
as movement variability increases
- continue need for attentiveness
- new mvmt pattern may be generated
- OPEN skill
NOTE: this is still a good thing bc you’re finding multiple ways to do things
more variability is what we want!
closed task vs. variable motionless task
closed: stationary objects and no changes from trial to trial
variable motionless task: still stationary but vary spatially from trial to trial
which one has more interaction with environment? closed vs variable motionless tasks?
variable motionless task
the most interaction with environment is
open tasks (drive, walk, cross street)
consistent motion task vs open task
consistent motion: objects remain the same; more interaction w environment than closed; predictable
open: most complex; unpredictable and changing
with task requiring stabilizing body, info processing demands relatively
Low
with task requiring transporting the body, info processing demands are ____ and get ____ with speed.
High
NOTE: only thru human interventions can action goals be separated from postural system
during manipulation, person must do 2 things at once
- monitor environment (body stability vs transport)
- must gather relevant information about object to be handled (requires increased attention
read rest of slides 39-44
