Lecture 2:

Question 1

Bacterial morphology: coccus

Answer 1

Sphere

Question 2

Bacterial morphology: coccobacillus

Answer 2

Squashed sphere.

Question 3

Bacterial morphology: bacillus

Answer 3

Rod

Question 4

Bacterial morphology: vibrio

Answer 4

Bended

Question 5

Bacterial morphology: sprillum

Answer 5

Multiple bends

Question 6

Bacterial morphology: spirochete

Answer 6

Spiral- like

Question 7

Bacterial Arrangements: Diplo-

Answer 7

Grouped as two

Question 8

Bacterial Arrangements: Strepto-

Answer 8

Chained

Question 9

Bacterial Arrangements: Staphylo-

Answer 9

Clustered

Question 10

Diagnostic tests to ID bacteria: Name 5 standard tests and 1 definitive.

Answer 10

1. Differential stain: gram positive or gram negative.
2. Differential media: color change
3. Selective media: growth or no growth
4. O2 culture: growth or no growth
5. Nutrient Assay: what does bacteria do with ‘x’ nutrient.
6. Definitive Answer: DNA signature

Question 11

Describe characteristics of Flagella:

Answer 11

-Flagella may be singular, bipolar, clumped on one end of the cell, or distributed over entire cell.
- Enable motility: chemotaxis (move toward or away from chemical) and phototaxis (move toward or away from light).
- Counter-clockwise movement: direct run
-Clockwise: tumble/shake

Question 12

What are fimbrae used for

Answer 12

Sticky fingers used to attach

Question 13

What is a conjugation pilus used for?

Answer 13

Sky bridge allowing one bacteria to send DNA to another.

Question 14

Describe 3 characteristics of the S-layer (surface layer) :

Answer 14

-Made of repeating protein units.
-Impedes phagocytosis
-Buffer against extreme pH changes.

Question 15

Name some characteristics of glycocalyx:

Answer 15

-carbohydrate-containing gelatinous material.
-Two forms: slime layer (loose arrangement, easy to remove) and capsule (tight arrangement and difficult to remove, helps evade phagocytosis).

Question 16

Describe process of endosporulation and name 2 examples of microbes that undergo endosporulation:

Answer 16

• Bacillus
• Clostridium
  1. Conditions become unfavorable.
  2. Vegetative cell decides to activate sporulation process.
  3. Duplicate DNA–>copy becomes spore.
  4. Stockpile goodies: ribosomes, enzymes, and nutrients with spore DNA.
  5. Wrap up and reinforce spore in a spore coat
  6. Vegetative cell loses, releasing spore