Lecture 2

Question 1

Blame analyse

Answer 1

Focuses on the question who is repsonsible instead why it occurred. It spreads misunderstanding because the focus is not on logical explanation

Question 2

Ordinary or lay concepts

Answer 2

Shaped by values, misconceptions, and experiences. These concepts are less precise

Question 3

Abstract concepts

Answer 3

refer to aspects of the world we not directly experience

Question 4

Concept clusters

Answer 4

Concepts that are connected/linked in groups of ideas or topics that help understand complex information

Question 5

Ideal type (concepts)

Answer 5

Pure abstract models that define the essence of a phenomenon in question, used to build a theory

Question 6

Scope/exent/range

Answer 6

Concepts vary by scope, some atre abstract, in the middle or concrete. Abstract have wider scoper, how smaller the scope how easier to recognize a concept but harder ti apply to other concepts

Question 7

Assumptions

Answer 7

Statements about the nature of things that are not observable or testable

Question 8

Hypothesis

Answer 8

A relationship between two or more variables

Question 9

Proposition

Answer 9

when the hypothesis is confirmed, , we build other relationships on it and develop new hypotheses

Question 10

Grounded theory

Answer 10

Comes from the inductive approach, when you build a theory from the ground up

Question 11

Theoretical explanation

Answer 11

Tells you why something occurs

Question 12

Ordinary explanation

Answer 12

Makes somehting clear or describes something in a way that illustrates it

Question 13

prediction

Answer 13

A statement that something will occur

Question 14

Ways of explaining relationships between variables

Answer 14

Causal, structural, interpretive

Question 15

Causal explanation

Answer 15

Involve cause-effect relations

Question 16

(causal explanation) Necessary cause

Answer 16

Is something that. must be present otherwise the effect will not follow

Question 17

(causal explanation) Sufficient cause

Answer 17

Is something that is enough to trigger the effect, but may. not always trigger and alternatives can also trigger

Question 18

Three things that are needed to establish causality (causal explanation)

Answer 18

1. Temporal order
   A cause must come before an effect
2. association
   The two phenomena are associated if they occur together in a pattern or in an act
3. Eliminating alternatives
   It has to be showed that the causal variable is the cause of the effect of outcome and not something else.

Question 19

Structural explanation

Answer 19

Aim to understanding and empathize

Question 20

3 theories for Structural Explanation

Answer 20

Network theories, Sequence theories, functional theories

Question 21

Network theories (structural explanation)

Answer 21

Explain something by outlining a system of people/organizations/units. Why something (not) occurs because of the position in the network

Question 22

Sequence theories (structural explanation)

Answer 22

Explaining by outlining a set of steps that occur across time.

Question 23

Functional theories (structural explanation)

Answer 23

Explain a situation or event by locating it within a large balanced system. Often used biological metaphors.

Question 24

Interpretative explanation

Answer 24

The purpose to foster understanding and sometimes to build empathy

Question 25

Three approaches to social sciences

Answer 25

Positivist, interpretive, critical approach

Question 26

Paradigm

Answer 26

A paradigm is a widely accepted set of beliefs, theories, assumptions, and methods within a particular discipline, field of study

Question 27

Positivism (approach to social science)

Answer 27

See social scinece the same as natural science, believe in principle of replication (states that experiments or studies should be repeated multiple times to ensure the reliability and validity of the findings)

Question 28

Interpretive approach (approach to social science)

Answer 28

human social life differs qualitatively from phenomena of the natural world. We must develop a special type of science based on the uniqueness of humans. involves understanding phenomena through examining the subjective meanings, perspectives, and social contexts associated with them

Question 29

Critical approach (approach to social science)

Answer 29

Emphasize putting knowledge into action. assumes the multilayered nature of social reality. People are often misled, subjected to manipulated messages, or hold false ideas.nvolves analyzing and questioning power structures, social norms, and underlying assumption

Question 30

Deductive approach

Answer 30

General theory to a specific testable hypothesis

Question 31

Inductive approach

Answer 31

Specific observations lead to general

Question 32

Range of theory

Answer 32

From concrete to more abstract: empirical generalization, middle range theory, theoretical framework
! –> From a theoreticl frame work can come a middle range theory where empirical generalization is used

Question 33

Empirical generalization

Answer 33

Direct connection between the observations and concepts
Deductive example: hypothesis
Inductive example; direct conncectio netween concept and observation

Question 34

Middle range theory

Answer 34

Middle range theory refers to a set of concepts and propositions that bridge the gap between broad theoretical frameworks and specific empirical observations, offering explanations.
yet more generalizable than specific empirical findings.

Question 35

Theoretical framework/paradigm

Answer 35

Theoretical framework/paradigm

Question 36

Agency theory

Answer 36

More obedience (concept) to authority if there is qualified authority (concept) (positive)
More personal responsibility (concept) less obedience (concept) (negatively)

Question 37

Levels of theory

Answer 37

Micro (inviduals), Meso (organizations, communities), Macro (countries, cultures, societies)

Question 38

Ethics in social scinece: Principle of the voluntary act

Answer 38

Do not force a participant or lie to them, unless it is necessary.

Question 39

Ethics in social sciences: Another ethical act

Answer 39

cause never unnecessary harm to participants including humiliating or releasing harmful information about them.

Question 40

Ethical safeguards

Answer 40

Before: obtain (get) written informed consent from each patient
During: Ensure participants are free to withdraw at any time during the study.
After: Debrief participants immediately after the study

Question 41

Participants right (ethic)

Answer 41

Privacy, Anonymity, Confidentiallity

Question 42

Scientific misconduct

Answer 42

Fabrication: making up data
Falsification: changing data
Questionable reserach practices: Making data more accurate than they are

Question 43

What does it mean for research to be ethical

Answer 43

A study is ethical if the rights of participants are respected and the researcher has shown integrity in conducting and reporting the study.