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ANAT 212 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are living creatures

A

chemical systems

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2
Q

name the 3 characteristics of cell chemistry

A

life depends on chemical reactions
most of carbons present are incorporated into macromolecules
cell chemistry is very complex

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3
Q

describe cell chemistry characteristics - number 1

A

chemical reactions = take place in aqueous solutions, based on carbon compounds mostly

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4
Q

describe cell chemistry characteristics - number 2

A

carbons present in macromolecules = allows cells to grow and function

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5
Q

describe cell chemistry characteristics - number 3

A

v complex = may interlink networks of chemical reactions

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6
Q

name a few types of interactions

A

covalent
non covalent
Hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

describe bond strength (properties of chemical bonds)

A

bond strength –> amount of energy needed to break bond

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8
Q

describe covalent bonds (properties of chemical bonds)

A

100x stronger than non covalent bonds - easier to break
forms macromolecules - so they won’t break
resist being pulled apart by thermal motions
only broken by biologically catalyzed chemical reactions

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9
Q

describe noncovalent bonds (properties of chemical bonds)

A

allow molecules to recognize each other and reversibly associate
ex = like ribosome, 2 subunits - large and small - together through noncovalent interactions, provides flexibility, splits after done with mrna

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10
Q

describe chemical components of cells

A

99% total number of atoms in cell = C,H,N,O
0.9% total number of atoms in the cell = P,S,Cl,Na, Mg, K, Ca - makes covalent bonds in water

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11
Q

what combos of atoms (chemical groups) are abundant in cells - 7

A

methyl - ch3
hydroxyl - oh
carboxyl - cooh
carbonyl - c=o
phosphate - po3 -2
sulfhydryl - sh
amino - nh2

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12
Q

describe cell compounds - 4 characteristics

A

carbons can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms = high ability to form macromolecules
c-c stable bonds form chains and rings –> generate large complex molecules
many diff shapes = many diff functions
carbon compounds made by cells –> organic compounds
a few categories of molecules give rise to all extraordinary richness of form and function

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13
Q

describe organic compounds

A

carbon based ~30 carbons
found in free solution - aq
compounds in the cell are chemically related and classified in 4 major families of compounds

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14
Q

name major organic compounds families

A

sugar
amino acid
fatty acid
nucleotide

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15
Q

what are the uses of organic compounds

A

monomer subunits to construct polymeric macromolecules
energy sources = broken down and transformed into other small molecules - use in metabolic pathways
many have both functions = subunits and energy sources

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16
Q

describe organic molecules - breakdown and synthesis

A

synthesized of or broken down into the same set of simple compounds

sugars –> polysaccharides, glycogen and starch - in plants
fatty acids –> fats and membrane lipids
amino acids –> proteins (main functional unit in cells)
nucleotides –> nucleic acids (dna, rna)

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17
Q

describe macromolecules

A

stores energy by covalent bonds= break and make other chemicals or functions
most abundant carbon containing molecules
Principal building and functional blocks of cells
made by covalently linked organic molecules - monomers into chains

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18
Q

describe uses of macromolecules

A

Versatile and perform thousands of functions
enzymes = catalyze - reactions occur faster - formation and breaking of covalent bond s

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19
Q

name macromolecules

A

polysaccharides and proteins = versatile and catalyze
nucleic acids = dna, rna

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20
Q

describe assembly of macromolecules

A

not random but sequenced (aas)= subunits added in precise order (sequential chemical reactions), for gene to provide mrna, read in one direction
covalent bonds = allow rotation, gives flexibility = several conformations
non covalent bonds = many allow to assemble macromolecules and constrain the shape to one conformation = molecular machines in cells

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21
Q

describe catalysis and the use of energy by cells

A

living cells = create and maintain order, perform never ending stream of chemical reactions, product becomes starting material for next chem reaction
nonliving matter = universe tends to greater disorder

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22
Q

name and explain the 2 types of chemical reactions of cell metabolism

A

anabolic pathway = monomers, covalent, make macromolecules, condensation = energetically unfavourable, needs energy, does not produce energy, releases water
catabolic pathway = when ingest food = break macromolecules into monomers, hydrolysis, energetically favourable, releases energy

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23
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics

A

in any isolated system the degree of disorder always increase

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24
Q

compare organic compound and macromolecules

A

organic compound = small organic building blocks of cells
Macromolecules = larger organic molecules of the cell

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25
Q

describe the 2nd law of thermodynamics

A

the most probably arrangement is the most disorder - like a room

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26
Q

what is the amount of disorder in a system

A

expressed as entropy = s
the greater the disorder the greater the entropy
systems will change spontaneously towards arrangements with higher S

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27
Q

How is possible that cells generate order to function?

A

release of heat energy enables cell order
cell is not an isolated system –> total S (cell plus surrounded environment) increases
present in aq environment
increased disorder outside and increased order inside
more kinetic energy since heat release, warms up and creates disorder = molecules move more and more

28
Q

Where does the cell heat come from?

A

catabolic pathways, get energy from food = lost heat, increase entropy of environment
lost heat = released unless needed to create more order in the cell
all animals and plants are powered by energy stored in chemical bonds of organic molecules
organisms extract energy to live, grow, reproduce
get monomers and energy and then make macromolecules
extra energy liberated in form of heat

29
Q

what is first law of thermodynamics

A

energy can be converted from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed

30
Q

describe photosynthesis and cellular respiration

A

photosynthesis = plants convert electromagnetic energy of sun into sugars = take h2o and use energy and create oxygen and sugars - polysaccharides
cellular respiration = liberate water and co2, create chemical bonds in our body

31
Q

describe energy in biological systems

A

store and managed within chemical bonds
enthalpy H = energy that can released from chemical bonds
negative enthalpy change (Hf-Hi) = spontaneously favourable reaction

32
Q

describe gibbs free energy

A

ΔG = ΔH -TΔS

ΔG change in free energy = Gf-Gi
ΔH change in enthalpy = Hf-Hi
ΔS change in entropy = Sf-Si
t = temp in kelvin

energetically favourable = ΔG <0 –> ΔH<TΔS (lower than change in entropy, final lower than initial)

reduce of order - increase in s
loss of free energy –> energetically favourable

33
Q

describe energetically favourable reaction

A

Reaction can occur spontaneously
free energy of y is greater than free energy of x, therefore ΔG <0 and disorder of universe increases during the reaction Y–>X

34
Q

describe energetically unfavourable reaction

A

reaction can only occur if it is coupled to a second energetically favourable reaction
if reaction x–> y occurred ΔG would be >0 and the universe becomes more ordered

35
Q

describe chemical reactions and enzymes

A

catalyze reaction by lowering activation energy required for reaction to take place
then takes less time for reactions to reach the required activation energy = speeds up reaction
helps bring paper and lighter closer together, Y–>X need Ea

36
Q

what can’t enzymes do

A

cannot force energetically unfavourable reactions to occur
cannot go uphill
cannot make unfavourable favourable x cannot –> y

37
Q

reactions in the cell areeeee

A

coupled

38
Q

describe energy carriers - coupled reactions

A

borrow energy
activated carriers
catabolism provides energy for activated carrier molecule goes to anabolism reaction since needs energy
ATP = shifts energy and then goes back and brings more energy
sum of ΔG must be lower than 0 for reactions to happen, must always liberate energy

39
Q

what is atp

A

most used activated carrier

40
Q

describe atp

A

3 phosphates, gamma, alpha, beta
ΔG* less greater than 0, energy from sunlight or from breakdown of food, adp –> atp, restore energetic bond using energy
atp –> adp = energy available to drive energetically unfavourable reactions, break bond and take energy and help form macromolecule

41
Q

what is driven by atp hydrolysis

A

synthesis of biological polymers

42
Q

describe example of reaction driven by atp hydrolysis

A

one step, sometimes have sequential steps
A-OH + B-H –> A-B
step 1 = activation, activate A so has covalent bond with store energy, and then can interact with other molecule, adp liberated
step 2 = condensation step, activated intermediate reacts with B-h to form product,
net result = uses atp –> adp + pi, happens in cell to make glutamine and glutamic acid

43
Q

describe making glutamine and glutamic acid

A

aa activated by atp and makes high energy intermediate with phosphoester bond and then interact with ammonia in condensation step = aa
Multiple steps, many steps sometimes

44
Q

describe acetyl coa

A

bigger
higher energy thioester bond, modifications of proteins, sulfur group
acetyl group
post translational modifications
handle = coa
acetyl = acetyl group

45
Q

describe coupled reactions in cells - X–>Y

A

x will become y
overtime = no more c but cells manage through equilibrium (concentrations)
energetically unfavourable x–>y is driven by energetically favourable reaction C–>D, net free energy of coupled reaction = less than zero=favourable

46
Q

what are the steps to equilibrium

A

the reaction
eventually
at equilibrium

47
Q

describe equilibrium - the reaction

A

Y—->X
formation of x is energetically favoured in this example, ΔG is negative, X–>Y ΔG is positive
bc of thermal bombardments, there will always be some x converting to y and vice versa

48
Q

describe equilibrium - eventually

A

suppose we start with equal number of x and y molecules
there will be a large enough excess of x over y to just compensate for the slow rate of x –> y, eq will be obtained

conversion of y to x happens often
conversion of x to y is less often since requires a more energetic collision than the transition y–>x
ratio of x to y molecules will increase

49
Q

describe equilibrium - at eq

A

the number of y molecules being converted to x molecules each second is exactly equal to the number of x molecules being converted to y molecules so there is no net change in the ratio of x to y

50
Q

what is standard free energy equation

A

ΔG* = ΔG + RTLn ([X]/[Y])
([X]/[Y]) = equilibrium constant (K)

51
Q

what does oxidation and reduction involve

A

electron transfer

52
Q

describe oxidation and reduction gen

A

partial pos charge -oxidized, e- closer to one atom and further from other
partial neg charge - reduced, e- together = partial magnet charge, atom reduced

53
Q

describe oxidation in the cells

A

catalyzed reaction
refers to more than the addition of oxygen \
addition of oxygen rarely happens

54
Q

describe oxidation - detail

A

removal of electrons from an atom
partially + charge

55
Q

describe reduction - detail

A

addition of electrons to an atom
partially - charge
if a molecule picks up an e-, it usually also picks up an h –> hydrogenation
A + e- + H+ –> AH, hydrogenation is reduction if number of c-h bonds increases, molecule is reduced

56
Q

what is NADH and NADPH

A

electron carriers, like adp and acetyl coa,
reactions are coupled
nadph = carries hydride ion (high energy)

57
Q

what is NAD+

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

58
Q

what is NADP+

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

59
Q

name 6 activated carriers and the group carried in high energy linkage

A

atp = phosphate
nadh, nadph, fadh2 = electrons and hydrogens
acetyl coa = acetyl group
carboxylated biotin = carboxyl group
s-adenosylmethionine = methyl group
uridine diphosphate glucose = glucose

60
Q

describe enzymes - summary

A

speed reactions but cannot force energetically unfavorable reactions to occur (cannot go uphill)

61
Q

describe equilibrium - summary

A

There is no net change between the number of Y (reactants) and X (product)

62
Q

describe oxi/reduc - summary

A

Oxidation and Reduction in cells involve the transfer of electrons (NADP is a carrier)

63
Q

what does life bring

A

life brings order

64
Q

describe composition of living organisms

A

rich in carbon
certain chemical groups are abundant
four subunits - sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids

65
Q

describe bonds of living organisms

A

covalent bonds - condensation
structure, function and energy

66
Q

what are the most abundant macromolecules

A

proteins

67
Q

what does heat do - summary

A

increases the disorder (S) of the environment

ANAT 212 (34 decks)

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