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Lecture 2 Flashcards

Acquiring knowledge and Early Psychology

1
Q

what is epistemology

A

the philosophical study of thought

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2
Q

what falls under epistemology

A

rationalism, dualism, natural philosophy

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3
Q

what falls under early psychology

A

phrenology, psychophysics, introspection

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4
Q

who’s associated with rationalism

A

descartes

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5
Q

who’s associated with empiricism

A

locke and hume

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6
Q

what is rationalism

A

the method of doubt, senses can deceive us

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7
Q

what is empiricism

A

how experience becomes knowledge

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8
Q

how would a rationalist say we acquire knowledge?

A

knowledge is innate or derived from reasoning about the world, some come from God or pure reason

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9
Q

how would an empiricist say we acquire knowledge?

A

knowledge is acquired through the senses and experience of the world, there are no innate ideas

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10
Q

who is associated with rationalism

A

plato

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11
Q

who is associated with empiricism

A

aristotle

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12
Q

who was the first modern rationalist

A

descartes

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13
Q

what does “cogito ergo sum” mean

A

we know that we must exist

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14
Q

what would a rationalist think deceives us

A

sensations, dreams and experiences

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15
Q

who would a rationalist think deceives us

A

daemons or god

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16
Q

why do rationalists think ideas are innate

A

god places ideas in our heads, which is why we know the concept of perfection when we’ve never seen it

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17
Q

who wrote “concerning human understanding”

A

john locke

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18
Q

what does john locke believe simply put

A

the basis for all the mind’s content is experience

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19
Q

does locke believe the mind is born empty

A

no, it has appetite, memory and imagination innately programmed

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20
Q

does john locke think there are any innate ideas

A

no as they would be universally agreed upon

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21
Q

what is “tabla rasa”

A

a blank slate, something john locke believes the mind is

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22
Q

what is john locke

A

an empiricist

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23
Q

what are locke’s 3 ways simple ideas are put together

A

combination, relation, generalisation

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24
Q

what is locke’s combination

A

combining multiple ideas into one

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25
what is locke's relation
bringing ideas together without combination. similes / metaphors
26
what is locke's generalisation
forming general rules from what you have seen - i have only seen white swans so all swans are white
27
who is hume
the man who developed the empiricist view
28
what are the 2 kinds of sense experience hume distinguished
impressions and ideas
29
what does hume mean by impressions
sensations arising rom the 5 senses
30
what does hume mean by ideas
impressions recalled at a later time via memory
31
what is bundle theory
our mind is just a bundle of sensations
32
what does hume think about complex ideas
they may not have been experienced directly
33
what did hume say about metaphysics and divinity
they should be discarded
34
what does hume say we have no proof of
the self, religion, causal relationships, generalisation from past to future experience
35
briefly state descartes' philosophy
the existence of god can be proved by solely reason and we cannot trust our senses
36
briefly state hume's philosophy
concepts such as "god" have no meaning and we can only trust our senses
37
how does leibniz critique hume
tabla rasa is not plausible as the mind is active not passive some ideas are innate
38
who combined rationalism and empiricism?
kant
39
what does kant believe briefly?
disagreed with hume and descartes experience must come from the senses AND the mind has some innate knowledge
40
what is noumena
the world as it is
41
what is phenomena
the experience of the world
42
"a priory" meaning (Kant)
knowledge can be acquired without experience
43
"a posteriori" meaning (kant)
knowledge can be acquired from experience
44
what is analytic knowledge?
statements that contain their own proof. "the bachelor is unmarried"
45
what is synthetic knowledge?
statements that provide new knowledge "the dog ate my homework"
46
what is most empirical knowledge according to kant?
synthetic
47
what is most rational knowledge according to kant?
analytic
48
what does kant argue the things we assume are?
synthetic a priori
49
what is natural philosophy?
a philosophical approach to the natural world
50
what is physiognomy?
a belief that a person's character can be read in their face
51
what is phrenology?
a belief that a person's character can be read from their skull
52
what does normal philosophy concern itself with?
metaphysics, ethics and politics
53
what does natural philosophy concern itself with?
the natural world, the cosmos, physics, biology
54
how is physiognomy still used?
AI facial intention detection
55
what is phrenology an early example of?
the mind being compartmentalised
56
what does psychophysics aim to do?
find the mathematical laws that relate psychic quantities to physical quantities
57
who are the two early proponents of psychophysics?
ernst weber and gustav fechner
58
what are the 3 key concepts of psychophysics
two point threshold, just noticable difference, psychophysical laws
59
is the JND still used today?
yes
60
what is JND?
the minimum detectable difference
61
is physiognomy and phrenology still used?
no, they are pseudo-sciences
62
what was wundt the first to do
established the first psychology laboratory
63
when did wundt establish his first lab
1879
64
what is psychology's to-do list?
measure consciousness describe consciousness with mathematical laws re-examine claims of philosophy of mind find out how our perception of the world relates to reality
65
what is wundt's voluntarism?
the idea that we actively decide what our mind attends to
66
what did tichener do with wundt's psychology?
took it in a different, atomic direction. broke down consciousness into elements. explained how nervous system relates to consciousness
67
how many qualities of consciousness did titchener list?
44,000 overall
68
what did tichener break down touch into
pressure, pain, tickle, heat, hardness, dryness, smoothness
69
are early psychologists remembered for their philosophical beliefs?
no, they're remembered for their contributions to the science

CHIP (2 decks)

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