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Lecture 2 Flashcards

Acquiring knowledge and Early Psychology

1
Q

what is epistemology

A

the philosophical study of thought

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2
Q

what falls under epistemology

A

rationalism, dualism, natural philosophy

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3
Q

what falls under early psychology

A

phrenology, psychophysics, introspection

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4
Q

who’s associated with rationalism

A

descartes

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5
Q

who’s associated with empiricism

A

locke and hume

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6
Q

what is rationalism

A

the method of doubt, senses can deceive us

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7
Q

what is empiricism

A

how experience becomes knowledge

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8
Q

how would a rationalist say we acquire knowledge?

A

knowledge is innate or derived from reasoning about the world, some come from God or pure reason

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9
Q

how would an empiricist say we acquire knowledge?

A

knowledge is acquired through the senses and experience of the world, there are no innate ideas

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10
Q

who is associated with rationalism

A

plato

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11
Q

who is associated with empiricism

A

aristotle

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12
Q

who was the first modern rationalist

A

descartes

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13
Q

what does “cogito ergo sum” mean

A

we know that we must exist

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14
Q

what would a rationalist think deceives us

A

sensations, dreams and experiences

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15
Q

who would a rationalist think deceives us

A

daemons or god

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16
Q

why do rationalists think ideas are innate

A

god places ideas in our heads, which is why we know the concept of perfection when we’ve never seen it

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17
Q

who wrote “concerning human understanding”

A

john locke

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18
Q

what does john locke believe simply put

A

the basis for all the mind’s content is experience

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19
Q

does locke believe the mind is born empty

A

no, it has appetite, memory and imagination innately programmed

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20
Q

does john locke think there are any innate ideas

A

no as they would be universally agreed upon

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21
Q

what is “tabla rasa”

A

a blank slate, something john locke believes the mind is

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22
Q

what is john locke

A

an empiricist

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23
Q

what are locke’s 3 ways simple ideas are put together

A

combination, relation, generalisation

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24
Q

what is locke’s combination

A

combining multiple ideas into one

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25
Q

what is locke’s relation

A

bringing ideas together without combination. similes / metaphors

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26
Q

what is locke’s generalisation

A

forming general rules from what you have seen - i have only seen white swans so all swans are white

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27
Q

who is hume

A

the man who developed the empiricist view

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28
Q

what are the 2 kinds of sense experience hume distinguished

A

impressions and ideas

29
Q

what does hume mean by impressions

A

sensations arising rom the 5 senses

30
Q

what does hume mean by ideas

A

impressions recalled at a later time via memory

31
Q

what is bundle theory

A

our mind is just a bundle of sensations

32
Q

what does hume think about complex ideas

A

they may not have been experienced directly

33
Q

what did hume say about metaphysics and divinity

A

they should be discarded

34
Q

what does hume say we have no proof of

A

the self, religion, causal relationships, generalisation from past to future experience

35
Q

briefly state descartes’ philosophy

A

the existence of god can be proved by solely reason and we cannot trust our senses

36
Q

briefly state hume’s philosophy

A

concepts such as “god” have no meaning and we can only trust our senses

37
Q

how does leibniz critique hume

A

tabla rasa is not plausible as the mind is active not passive
some ideas are innate

38
Q

who combined rationalism and empiricism?

A

kant

39
Q

what does kant believe briefly?

A

disagreed with hume and descartes

experience must come from the senses
AND
the mind has some innate knowledge

40
Q

what is noumena

A

the world as it is

41
Q

what is phenomena

A

the experience of the world

42
Q

“a priory” meaning (Kant)

A

knowledge can be acquired without experience

43
Q

“a posteriori” meaning (kant)

A

knowledge can be acquired from experience

44
Q

what is analytic knowledge?

A

statements that contain their own proof.
“the bachelor is unmarried”

45
Q

what is synthetic knowledge?

A

statements that provide new knowledge
“the dog ate my homework”

46
Q

what is most empirical knowledge according to kant?

A

synthetic

47
Q

what is most rational knowledge according to kant?

A

analytic

48
Q

what does kant argue the things we assume are?

A

synthetic a priori

49
Q

what is natural philosophy?

A

a philosophical approach to the natural world

50
Q

what is physiognomy?

A

a belief that a person’s character can be read in their face

51
Q

what is phrenology?

A

a belief that a person’s character can be read from their skull

52
Q

what does normal philosophy concern itself with?

A

metaphysics, ethics and politics

53
Q

what does natural philosophy concern itself with?

A

the natural world, the cosmos, physics, biology

54
Q

how is physiognomy still used?

A

AI facial intention detection

55
Q

what is phrenology an early example of?

A

the mind being compartmentalised

56
Q

what does psychophysics aim to do?

A

find the mathematical laws that relate psychic quantities to physical quantities

57
Q

who are the two early proponents of psychophysics?

A

ernst weber and gustav fechner

58
Q

what are the 3 key concepts of psychophysics

A

two point threshold, just noticable difference, psychophysical laws

59
Q

is the JND still used today?

A

yes

60
Q

what is JND?

A

the minimum detectable difference

61
Q

is physiognomy and phrenology still used?

A

no, they are pseudo-sciences

62
Q

what was wundt the first to do

A

established the first psychology laboratory

63
Q

when did wundt establish his first lab

A

1879

64
Q

what is psychology’s to-do list?

A

measure consciousness

describe consciousness with mathematical laws

re-examine claims of philosophy of mind

find out how our perception of the world relates to reality

65
Q

what is wundt’s voluntarism?

A

the idea that we actively decide what our mind attends to

66
Q

what did tichener do with wundt’s psychology?

A

took it in a different, atomic direction. broke down consciousness into elements.

explained how nervous system relates to consciousness

67
Q

how many qualities of consciousness did titchener list?

A

44,000 overall

68
Q

what did tichener break down touch into

A

pressure, pain, tickle, heat, hardness, dryness, smoothness

69
Q

are early psychologists remembered for their philosophical beliefs?

A

no, they’re remembered for their contributions to the science

CHIP (2 decks)

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