Lecture 2 Flashcards
- What is the one common characteristic all protists share (i.e. why are they grouped into this Kingdom)?
Microscopic sizes
- Which statement describes a difference between bacteria and early eukaryotes (such as the amoeboid Pelomyxa palustris)?
One difference between bacteria and early eukaryotes is that one had internal membrane and other didn’t
- Which statement describes (internally and metabolically) the first hypothesized eukaryotic organism? (look to all the information we discussed on Pelomyxa palustris)
single-cellular, non-photosynthetic organisms had internal membranes but has no mitochondria.
- According to the video How Did Cells Evolve into Multicellular Organisms, how long ago did life show up on earth? How long ago did unicellular organisms start “sticking together?”
Life showed up on earth about 3.8 billion years ago and multicellular organisms started to stick together about 1.5-2 billion years ago.
- According to the video How Did Cells Evolve into Multicellular Organisms, why are living organisms limited by size (why can your cells only grow to a certain size)?
your cells can only grow to a certain size because the bigger you are, the more thing you can eat, the less that can eat you, if here is not enough nutrients around, you cant grow
- According to the video How Did Cells Evolve into Multicellular Organisms, what is the advantage of being multicellular compared to unicellular?
Your insides are protected from the outside, you can live longer, DNA being protected.
- According to the video How Did Cells Evolve into Multicellular Organisms, is humans have a trillion cells in their bodies, why do we only use an egg and sperm to reproduce?
Because we can guarantee that every cell in our offspring is genetically identical, no competition
- Which statement accurately describes the theory of endosymbiosis?
Aerobic bacteria are the thought to have become mitochondria when they were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells
- How are purple nonsulfur bacteria and mitochondria of eukaryotes similar? (know the information we discussed on slide four)
Similarities are that the folds are very similar and the proteins that are used to do aerobic respiration are the same.
- One of the main questions the scientific community had regarding the endosymbiosis theory is how did the mitochondrial genes transfer over time if all these organisms originally did was eat these bacteria?
Over time, the genes were transformed to the chromosomes in the host cell, they know when to trigger to grow. Have DNA that sends out this signals
- How are most bacteria and mitochondria similar? (know the information we discussed on slide five)
Genomes are very similar, :(circular and closed) and mitochondria and bacteria use ribosomes in the same way in transcription and translation processes, DNA replication.
- Why are centrioles also theorized to originally be bacteria which were incorporated into animal eukaryotic cells?
Centrioles were theorized to be like spirochete bacteria
- Which statement describes the cell surface of some protists?
Varied array of cell surfaces: but will always have a plasma membrane
- Which statement does not describe a type of locomotor organelles used by protists?
Flagella, pseudopodial, and filopodia, and axopodia
- Some protists can form a cyst. Which statement describes the definition of a cyst or why it forms?
Cysts means that that protists are going to form dormant formed cells that have a thick outer coating and shut down metabolism, some sturdy and others: depends
- Protists can complete every form of metabolism (depending upon the species) except ____________, which can only be completed by bacteria. Fill in the blank.
Chemoautotrophic
- Regarding the way a protist gains nutrition, protists can be phototrophs, phagotrophs, or osmotrophs. Which statement does not accurately describe these forms of gaining energy?
Phototrophs= get energy from light
Phagotrophs= eat food and break it down
Osmotrophs= take in liquids/soluble forms and break it down
- Which statement does not list a type of asexual reproduction completed by a variety of protists?
binary fission, budding and schizogony
- Can some protists utilize sexual reproduction and, if so, when would they most likely use this method?
sexual reproduction is under stress, they will reproduce due to the face of the environment if they are cold or hot, or energy allocation
- Which statement describes the characteristics of protists found within the Supergroup Excavata?
1st supergroup, have to have a groove on one side of the cell body in some form
- Which statement describes the characteristics of protists found within the Superphylum Chromalveolata (within Supergroup SAR)?
falls under (rhizara not photosynthetic)
- Which statement describes the characteristics of protists found within the Superphylum Rhizaria (within Supergroup SAR) ?
stramenopiles and alveolates, they are photosynthetic
- Which statement describes the characteristics of protists found within the Supergroup Archaeplastida?
chloroplasts
- Which statement describes the characteristics of protists found within the Supergroup Amoebozoa?
amoebas , slime molds
- Which statement describes the characteristics of protists found within the Supergroup Opisthokonta?
choanoflagellates ~animals and fungi
