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REN R 105 > Lecture #2 > Flashcards

Lecture #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define science

A

A process of gaining knowledge about the natural world

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2
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

The use of experiments and observations to explain something in nature

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3
Q

Define hypothesis

A

Proposed (tentative) explanation of a phenomenon that can be tested (normally based on a prediction that follows from the hypothesis)

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4
Q

What is a theory?

A

Widely accepted and tested (confirmed) explanation for a phenomena

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5
Q

What is a law?

A

Description of how behaves under certain conditions (often mathematical formula, rare in natural sciences)

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6
Q

What fields of study are considered natural sciences?

A

Physics, geology, biology, and chemistry

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7
Q

Who is associated with Holism?
*He also co-developed island biogeography

A

Wilson

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8
Q

What is Holism?

A

Emphasizes a ‘complex systems’ approach to science that focuses on a ‘top-down’ approach by studying higher organizational levels: “The whole is more than the sum of its parts”

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9
Q

Define emergence

A

Properties of groups that can’t be entirely explained by their individual components (across scales)

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10
Q

Who is associated with Reductionism?
“Explain all biology in terms of physics and chemistry”

A

Crick

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11
Q

What is reductionism?

A

Describes systems by dividing them into smaller units to understand them through their elemental properties; bottom-up approach: “the whole is simply the sum of it’s parts”

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12
Q

What is normative science?

A

Information is developed or interpreted on an assumed, usually insinuated, preference for a particular outcome or policy; applied science; produces facts and measurements

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13
Q

What is a descriptive science?

A

Studying nature for the sake of understanding how nature worlds without an a priori application; basic science

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14
Q

___ reasoning is common in the basic sciences; starts with the theory -> hypothesis -> observation -> confirmation

A

Deductive

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15
Q

___ reasoning is common in the applied sciences; starts with an observation -> pattern -> hypothesis -> theory
**Natural sciences

A

Inductive

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16
Q

Define deductive reasoning

A

Building up to a specific principle through a chain of increasingly narrow statements

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17
Q

Define inductive reasoning

A

Proves a general principle by highlighting a group of specific events, trends, or observations

18
Q

Who is associated with falsification of hypothesis?

A

Popper

19
Q

How is a single hypothesis disproved?

A

By confirmation of data; be able to test

20
Q

Who is associated with the following key phrase: paradigms, normal science, scientific revolutions

A

Kuhn

21
Q

What hypothesis starts with 1 theory until evidence proves otherwise?

A

Single hypothesis

22
Q

Republic of science is associated with who?

A

Polanyi

23
Q

What did Polanyi believe when it comes to studying science?

A

Multiple views of the world allowed according to the different opinions of scientists; confrontation between these views and data judged on: 1) plausibility 2) value 3) interest

24
Q

The confrontation of multiple hypotheses with data as an arbitrator (scientific research program) is associated with who?

A

Lakatos

25
Q

Who had already thought of Lakatos’ theory?

A

Chamberlin

26
Q

Hypothesis testing is usually what type of reasoning?

A

Inductive

27
Q

What are Multiple Working Hypotheses (MWHs)? And who’s associated with it?

A

Involves the development, prior to research, of several hypotheses that might explain the phenomenon we want to study – Chamberlin

28
Q

What are 3 key methods for testing ideas in natural sciences?

A
  1. Manipulative experiments
  2. Natural experiments
  3. Observational (only) study
29
Q

What are some examples of studies that are classified as observational (only) studies?

A

Animals in their natural environment; stars, planets & astronomical phenomena; erosion or natural movement of land; human behaviours or screening humans for a disease

30
Q

What is meta-analysis?

A

Many studies are more valuable than a single study; synthesizing and combining multiple studies into 1 major study

31
Q

This person is largely considered the ‘father’ of modern conservation and wildlife in North America

A

Lovelock

32
Q

This type of study is based on the synthesis of results from many other studies

A

Meta-analysis

33
Q

Is the stratification of water temperatures greater in the summer than that in the winter?

A

Yes

34
Q

___ fragmented a lake in order to experiment the effects of phosphorus in freshwater lakes

A

Schindler

35
Q

What is the Winner’s Curse?

A

The winner in an auction tends on average to have overpaid, especially when no participant is sure exactly how valuable the item is

36
Q

What is economic uncertainty?

A

Situation where the real long-term value of a commodity is largely unpredictable

37
Q

What is the Winner’s curse phenomenon?

A

Science looks for true relationships, but there is uncertainty. ex: published articles, especially in very competitive journals, have on average exaggerated results

38
Q

Who was famous for being a negative example of the winner’s curse?

A

Diederik Stapel

39
Q

“The history of science has repeatedly shown that when hypotheses are proposed it is impossible to predict which will turn out to be revolutionary and which ridiculous. The only safe approach is to let all see the light and to let all be discussed, experimented upon, vindicated or destroyed.” What concept is this quote related to?

A

Horrobin’s hypothesis

40
Q

What are desk rejections?

A

Manuscripts that an editor decides not to send for peer review after an initial evaluation

41
Q

How are science articles/papers self-correcting?

A

Over the long-term, incorrect ideas (or fraud) will be uncovered (often by replicated studies), paradigms rejected or revised, etc.

42
Q

The main point is to therefore understand that there is ___ in science. (In relation to papers and the processes of publication)

A

uncertainty

REN R 105 (6 decks)

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