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Histology - Section 2 > Lecture. 2 > Flashcards

Lecture. 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What is blood made of?

A

1) formed elements
2) plasma
3) Fibrin fibers ( only seen in clots )

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1
Q

What are the formed elements in blood?

A
  • Erythrocytes
  • Leukocytes
  • Platelets
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2
Q

After centrifuge, what is the composition of blood?

A

1) 50% erythrocytes 2) 1% buffy coat ( antibodies) 3) 50% plasma

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3
Q

What is albumin and where is it made?

A

Made in liver

Maintains osmotic pressure in blood.

If albumin goes down, edema goes up

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4
Q

What are globulins and where are they made?

A

Globulins are transport molecules.

Gamma-globulins are antibodies.

-Important in immune response.

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5
Q

What are complement proteins and where are they made?

A

Made in liver.

Attack foreign invaders.

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6
Q

What are erythrocytes and what do they do?

A

Anaerobically generate energy by glycolysis.

  • 7.5 µm diameter, anucleate,
  • Filled with hemoglobin biconcave discs
  • Lack cell organelles
  • Men ~ 5 x 106/mm3
  • Women ~ 4.5 x 106/mm3
  • Lifespan ~ 120 days
  • Removed by macrophagesin spleen, bone marrow and liver
  • Transport O2 and CO2
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7
Q

What are reticulocytes and what do they do?

A
  1. 1-2% of circulating RBCs
  2. Contain residual ribosomes and other organelles
  3. Lower concentration of Hb compared to mature RBC
  4. Finish maturation to RBCs in blood circulation
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8
Q

What does the color of hemoglobin tell you?

A
  1. Hb + O2 ⇔ Oxyhemoglobin (Bright red)
  2. Hb + CO2 ⇔ Carbaminohemoglobin (Dark red)
  3. Hb + CO ⇒ Carboxyhemoglobin (Cherry red)
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9
Q

What are the two types of anemia?

A
  1. Anemia
    - Hypochromic anemiaIron deficiencyBlood loss (replacement cells are made with less hemoglobin)
  • Normochromic anemia ( normal color but less efficient in carrying oxygen)Sickle cell disease ( cells are more fragile and are recycled sooner)Hereditary spherocytosis Tend to be smaller because of defect in cytoskeleton gene. Not as efficient because of loss of shape.
  1. Polycythemia (erythrocytosis) Too much blood or RBCs. High altitude can do that. If it goes too high blood viscuosity goes up so much blood can’t make it through capillaries.
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10
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophilic granulocyte

Eosinophilic granulocyte

Basophilic granulocyte

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11
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

Neutrophilic granulocyte

Eosinophilic granulocyte

Basophilic granulocyte

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12
Q

What is a normal differential White Cell Count

A

Neutrophil … 3500-7000 per cubic millimeter … 60-70% of WBC

Eosinophil … 150-400 … 2-4%

Basophil .. 50-100 … <1%

Lymphocyte - 1500-2500 … 20-25%

Monocyte … 200-800 … 3-8%

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13
Q

What are the azurophilic primary granules?

A

ALL NEUTROPHILS

Various acid hydrolases

Lysozyme

Myeloperoxidase

Collagenase

Cathepsin

Bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (BPI)

Elastase

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14
Q

What are neutrophils and what do they do?

A
  1. 60-70% of circulating leukocytes
  2. 12-15 µm diameter
  3. Distinct multilobed segmented nucleus
  4. Neutrophilic granules
  5. Phagocytose microorganisms
  6. Barr body/drumstick appendage -Inactive X chromosome
  7. Band cell -0-3% of circulating leukocytes
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15
Q

What are eosinophils and what do they do?

A
  1. 2-4% of circulating leukocytes
  2. 12-15 µm diameter
  3. Bilobed nucleus
  4. Coarse eosinophilic granules
  5. Major basic protein in eosinophilic granules kills parasitic worms
16
Q

What are monocytes?

A
  1. 3-8% of circulating leukocytes
  2. 12-20 µm diameter
  3. Oval, horseshoe, or kidney shaped nucleus
  4. Basophilic cytoplasm
  5. Precursor cells of the MPS that differentiate into CT macrophages
17
Q

What are basophils?

A
  1. < 1% of circulating leukocytes
  2. 12-15 µm diameter
  3. Multilobed nucleus
  4. Conspicuous basophilic granules contain heparin and histamine
  5. Mediate inflammatory responses similar to mast cells
  6. Anaphylaxis in hypersensitive individuals
18
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A
  1. 20-25% of circulating leukocytes
  2. Small 6-8µm diameter. Medium/Large 12-18 µm diameter
  3. Round or slightly indented nucleus rich in heterochromatin
  4. Basophilic cytoplasm
  5. Three functional categories
    1) B lymphocytes (B cells) -Plasma cells
    2) T lymphocytes (T cells)
    • Cytotoxic (killer)
    • Helper
    • Suppressor
      3) Null cells
    • Circulating stem cells
    • Natural killer (NK) cells
19
Q

What are platelets/thrombocytes?

A

Fragments of megakaryocytes. Just fragments of cells

  1. 2-4 x 105/mm3
  2. 2-4µm diameter.
  3. Hyalomere - clear peripheral region
  4. Granulomere - darkly stained central region
  5. Function in blood coagulation
20
Q

What is the structure of platelets?

A

1) α granules contain fibrinogen and PDGF
2) δ granules (dense bodies) contain serotonin and ADP
3) λ granules (lysosomes) contain acid hydrolases
4) Dense tubular system involved in Ca2+ sequestration

Platelets bind to connective tissue and release fibrin to clot and growth factor to heal. Initially platelet clot bulge into cell and block blood flow. Actin and myosin fibers contract and pull clot back to restore blood flow.

21
Q

Where are blood cells made?

A

Hemopoietic Tissue

  • Bone marrow (myeloid tissue)
  • Lymphoid tissue - lymphocytes mature here
22
Q

Describe the stages of hemopoiesis..

A
  1. Mesoblastic phase begins ~ 2 weeks post-conception
  2. Hepato-splenic phase begins ~ 2nd month.
  3. Myeloid phase begins by end 2nd trimester and continues throughout life
  4. Leukocytes appear by 8th week of gestation
23
Q

How is bone marrow organized?

A

Special form of reticular connective tissue.

1) Stroma - 3D network of reticular/adventitial cells + reticular fibers
2) Stroma penetrated by flattened sinusoidal capillaries formed by continuous layer of endothelial cells reinforced by discontinuous layer of reticular cells and fibers
3) Parenchyma - divided into hematopoietic compartments responsible for the synthesis of erythrocytes and leukocytes

24
Q

Describe the maturation process of erythropoesis.

A

Lives about 120 days

1) Proerythroblast
- Large
- Loose lacey chromatin, visible nucleoli
- Basophilic cytoplasm
2) Basophilic erythroblast
- Onset of Hb synthesis
- Strongly basophilic cytoplasm
- Condensed nucleus, no nucleoli
3) Polychromatophilic erthroblast ( stains a little pink because there isma little hemoglobin)
- Cytoplasm filled with Hb
- Polyribosomes begin to decrease
- Final stage at which mitosis can occur
4) Orthochromatophilic erythroblast
- Cytoplasm filled with Hb
- Few polyribosomes
- Condensed nucleus
- Normoblast -

late orthochromatophilic erythroblast

5) Reticulocyte (may be released in circulatin blood but are usually held until mature erythryocyte.)
- Anucleate
- Most immature form released into circulating blood

25
Q

Describe granulopoesis

A
  1. Myeloblast
    - Large round nucleus with finely dispersed chromatin
    - Visible nucleoli
  2. Promyelocyte
    - Basophilic cytoplasm
    - Azurophilic granules (lysosomes)
  3. Myelocyte -Coarse chromatin
    - Neutrophilic, eosinophilic, or basophilic specific granules appear
    - Final stage at which mitosis occurs
  4. Metamyelocyte
    - Indented nucleus with coarse chromatin
    - Neutrophilic, eosinophilic, or basophilic specific granules increase in number
  5. Band form
    - Band or ribbon shaped nucleus
    - Most immature stage released to circulating blood
26
Q

Describe monopoiesis

A
  1. Monoblast - Similar to myeloblast
  2. Promonocyte
    - Large cell
    - Basophilic cytoplasm
    - Slightly indented nucleus with lacy chromatin andevident nucleoli
    - Last mitotic stage
  3. Monocyte
27
Q

Describe lymphopoeisis

A
  1. Circulating lymphocytes originate mainly in thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissue but all lymphocyte progenitors initially come from bone marrow
  2. Lymphoblast
    - First identifiable progenitor in bone marrow
    - Large cell, capable of dividing 2 - 3 times
    3) Prolymphocyte
    - Smaller than lymphoblast
    - More condensed chromatin
    - Lack surface antigens that distinguish T and B lymphocytes
    - Migrate to lymphoid tissues where they undergo further maturation to become immunocompetent
28
Q

What is leukemia?

A

White blood cells gone haywire. Chronic leukemia (myocytes)

  • Slowly progressive
  • Proliferating cells are partly or completely differentiated e.g. myelocytes, metamyelocytes, band cells seen in chronic granulocytic leukemia

Acute leukemia (myeloblasts)

  • Rapidly progressive
  • Proliferating cells are undifferentiated precursors cells e.g. myeloblasts as in acutemyeloblastic leukemia
29
Q

What is loss of megakaryocytes/thrombocytopenia?

A

Severe reduction in number of circulating platelets

Thrombocytopenia purpura

  • Petichiea ( pin pricks of blood clots)
  • Echymoses ( easy bruising)

Leukemia, metastatic cancer, chemotherapeutic drugs

30
Q

What are the Plasma Proteins, where are they found, and what is their function?

A
31
Q

What are the Granulocyte Granules?

A
32
Q

Where is Bone Marrow Located?

A

Yellow Marrow is ocated in teh long bones of adults and is mainly fat. NOT hemopoietic, but has potential to become so.

Red Marrow is located in the epiphyses of long bones, and in flat/short/irregular bones. Highy vascular and makes blood cells.

33
Q

What are all the different mature cells that a pluripotent hemopoietic cell can become?

A

Bone Marrow Pluripotent cell can become either a lymphoid multi-potential or a myeloid myltipotential.

Lymphoid MP cells migrate to lypmhoid organs and become lymphoblasts and eventually B and T lymphocytes

Myeloid multipotential cells remain in bone marrow and become erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

34
Q

What are platelets and how are they formed?

A

Plateletes are small pieces of the megakaryocytes that break off and plug wounds.

The megakaryocyte sits on a capillary and pieces fragment into the blood.

Platelets contain clotting elements and such.

Histology - Section 2 (2 decks)

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