Lecture 2

Question 1

Are neural structures derived from the ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm?

Answer 1

They are derived from the endoderm (Page 4).

Question 2

What does the neural crest form?

Answer 2

The neural crest forms the dorsal root ganglia (Page 4).

Question 3

The (blank) induces the (blank) to fold into the (blank).

Answer 3

The notochord induces the neural plate to fold into the neural tube (Page 4).

Question 4

What does the notochord become?

Answer 4

It becomes the nucleus pulposus (Page 4).

Question 5

What does the neural tube become?

Answer 5

The rostral end of the neural tube becomes the brain (including the ventricles of the brain) and the caudal end of the neural tube becomes the spinal cord (Page 4).

Question 6

What is the developmental pathway from the neural tube to the cerebral hemispheres of the brain?

Answer 6

Neural tube -> Prosencephalon -> Telencephalon -> Cerebral hemispheres (Page 5)

Question 7

What is the developmental pathway from the neural tube to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and subthalamus?

Answer 7

Neural tube -> Prosencephalon -> Diencephalon -> Thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus (Page 5)

Question 8

What is the developmental pathway from the neural tube to the midbrain?

Answer 8

Neural tube -> Mesencephalon -> Mesencephalon -> Midbrain (Page 5)

Question 9

What is the developmental pathway from the neural tube to the pons and cerebellum?

Answer 9

Neural tube -> Rhombencephalon -> Metencephalon -> Pons and cerebellum (Page 5)

Question 10

What is the developmental pathway from the neural tube to the medulla oblongata?

Answer 10

Neural tube -> Rhombencephalon -> Myelencephalon -> Medulla oblongata (Page 5)

Question 11

What is the main difference between a fetal/infant brain and an adult brain?

Answer 11

Adult brains have more gyri and sulci because as the brain grows, it develops more gyri and sulci (Page 6).

Question 12

What is the purpose of having more sulci?

Answer 12

To increase surface area for neurons. The brain does not grow in an adult so sulci develop to increase surface area (Page 7).

Question 13

What is the purpose of meninges?

Answer 13

Their purpose is to protect and provide nutrients to the brain and spinal cord (Page 9).

Question 14

List the three layers of the meninges from most superficial to most deep.

Answer 14

1. Dura mater,
2. Arachnoid mater,
3. Pia mater.
   (Page 9)

Question 15

What are the strands of connective tissue in the arachnoid layer that gave it its name called?

Answer 15

They are called arachnoid trabeculae (Page 9).

Question 16

In regards to meninges, where does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow through?

Answer 16

CSF flows through the subarachnoid space. This space is between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater (Page 9).

Question 17

What is the difference between white matter and grey matter?

Answer 17

White matter is composed of myelinated axons of neurons, whereas grey matter is composed of the cell bodies of neurons (Page 10).

Question 18

Why is grey matter located where it is in the brain?

Answer 18

Grey matter is located on the more external parts of the brain and near important nuclei in order for the neuron cell bodies in the grey matter acquire easy access to cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels (Page 10).

Question 19

Are the thalami located more anteriorly or posteriorly?

Answer 19

The thalami are located more posteriorly (Page 10).

Question 20

What lobes do the lateral sulcus separate?

Answer 20

The lateral sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe (Page 11).

Question 20

What lobes do the central sulcus separate?

Answer 20

The central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe (Page 11).

Question 21

What lobes does the parieto-occipital sulcus separate?

Answer 21

The parieto-occipital sulcus separates the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe.

Question 22

Where is the primary motor area of the brain located?

Answer 22

It is located within the precentral gyrus (Page 12).

Question 23

Where is the primary sensory area of the brain located?

Answer 23

It is located within the postcentral gyrus (Page 12).

Question 24

What are the functions of Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area of the brain?

Answer 24

Wernicke’s area is associated with comprehending speech. Broca’s area is associated with motor speech (i.e. physically speaking) (think of a guy named Brock who always talks and never listens) (Page 12).

Question 25

What part of the brain is associated with long-term memory?

Answer 25

The hippocampus (Page 12).

Question 26

What are the ventricles of the ventricular system and where are they (relatively) located in the brain?

Answer 26

1. Lateral ventricles (around the thalamus),
2. Third ventricle (in between the thalami),
3. Fourth ventricle (in the cerebellum).
   (Page 13-15)

Question 27

What are the channels and foramina of the ventricular system and what do they connect?

Answer 27

1. Interventricular foramina connect the lateral ventricles together, along with the third ventricle.
2. The cerebral aqueduct connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle.
3. The median aperture of the fourth ventricle connects to the subarachnoid space.
4. The lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle connect to the central canal of the spinal cord.
5. The central canal of the spinal canal itself.
   (Page 13)

Question 28

List the nine steps of cerebrospinal fluid circulation, starting from the lateral ventricles of the brain.

Answer 28

1. Lateral ventricles,
2. Interventricular foramina,
3. Third ventricle,
4. Cerebral aqueduct,
5. Fourth ventricle,
6. Median aperture and lateral aperture,
7. Central canal of spinal cord and the subarachnoid space,
8. Arachnoid granulations,
9. Dural venous system.
   (Page 14)

Question 29

Which artery does the anterior circulation of the brain come from?

Answer 29

The internal carotid artery (Page 17).

Question 30

Which artery does the posterior circulation of the brain come from?

Answer 30

The vertebral artery, which converges to become the basilar artery (Page 17).

Question 31

Which parts of the brain handle venous drainage, and to which vein?

Answer 31

The dural venous and cavernous sinuses drain into the internal jugular vein.