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Enviromental impact > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Atmospheric Composition

A
  • Nitrogen 78.08%
  • Oxygen 20.95%
  • Argon 0.93%
  • Carbon dioxide 0.04%
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2
Q

Ecosystem services

A
  • Blocks UV radiation
  • Moderates the climate
  • Redistributes water in the hydrologic cycle
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3
Q

Air Pollution:

A

Chemicals added to the atmosphere by natural events or human activities in high enough
concentrations to be harmful

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4
Q

Primary Air Pollutant

A

Harmful substance that is emitted directly into the atmosphere

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5
Q

Secondary Air Pollutant

A

Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere when a primary air pollutant reacts with substances normally found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants

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6
Q

Primary Pollutants

A 
•	particulate matter (PM)
nitrogen oxides
carbon monoxide
sulfur dioxide
.       volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
.	lead.
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7
Q

What They Are

A
  • Carbon Monoxide 49.1%
  • Sulfur Oxides 16.4%
  • Nitrogen Oxides 14.8%
  • Volatille Organics 13.6%
  • Particulates 6%
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8
Q

What They Come From

A
  • Transportation 46.2%
  • Stationary Source Fuel Combustion 27.3%
  • Industrial Process 15.0%
  • Miscellaneus 9% , Solid waste 2.5%
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9
Q

Sources of Primary Pollutants

By humans:

A
  • Combustion
  • Chemical
  • Nuclear or Atomic
  • Roasting, Heating, Refining
  • Mining, Quarrying, Farming
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10
Q

Sources of Primary Pollutants Natural

A
  • Volcanoes
  • Breaking Seas
  • Pollens
  • Fire
  • Blowing Dust
  • Bacteria, Viruses
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11
Q

one example of a secondary pollutant

A

• Atmospheric sulfuric acid

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12
Q

Smog

A

Air pollution in urban and industrial areas

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13
Q

Photochemical smog

A

A noxious mixture of gases and particles, is produced when strong sunlight triggers photochemical reactions in the atmosphere

Brownish-orange haze formed by chemical reactions
involving sunlight, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbons

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14
Q

Ozone

A

The major component of photochemical smog

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15
Q

Major Classes of Air Pollutants

A
  • Particulate Material
  • Nitrogen Oxides
  • Sulfur Oxides
  • Carbon Oxides
  • Hydrocarbons
  • Ozone
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16
Q

Thousands of different solid or liquid particles suspended in air
• Dangerous for 2 reasons
-May contain materials with toxic or carcinogenic effects
-Extremely small particles can become lodged in lungs

A

Particulate Material

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17
Q

Nitrogen Oxides

A

Gases produced by the chemical interactions between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen at high temperature

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18
Q

Nitrogen Oxides and its problems

A

Gases produced by the chemical interactions between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen at high temperature
Greenhouse gases
Cause difficulty breathing

19
Q

Sulfur OxidesGases

A

Produced by the chemical interactions between sulfur and oxygen
Causes acid precipitation

20
Q

Carbon Oxides

A

Gases carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

Greenhouse gases

21
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Diverse group of organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon (ex: CH4-methane)

22
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Diverse group of organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon (ex: CH4-methane)

Some are related to photochemical smog and greenhouse gases

23
Q

Man- made pollutant in the lower atmosphere
Secondary air pollutant
Component of photochemical smog

A

Tropospheric Ozone

24
Q

Essential component that screens out UV radiation in the upper atmosphere

A

Stratospheric Ozone

25
Q

Transportation

Industry

A

Two main Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution

26
Q

Intentional forest fires

A

Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution

27
Q

Air Pollution Effects

A

Irritates eyes

Causes inflammation of respiratory tract

Can develop into chronic respiratory
diseases

28
Q

Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate material

A

Irritate respiratory tract

Impair ability of lungs to exchange gases

29
Q

Causes airway restriction

A

Nitrogen Dioxides

30
Q

Binds with iron in blood hemoglobin

Causes headache, fatigue, drowsiness, death

A

Carbon monoxide

31
Q

Ozone

A

Causes burning eyes, coughing, and chest

discomfort

32
Q

Smokestacks with
electrostatic precipitator

Particulate material can
also be controlled by
proper excavating
techniques

Phase I Vapor Recovery System for
gasoline

A

Controlling Air Pollution

33
Q

Reduce sulfur content in gasoline from its current average of 330 ppm to 30 ppm

Sulfur clogs catalytic converters

Require legal emission standards for all passenger vehicles
Including SUVs, trucks and minivans

Require emission testing for all vehicles
Including diesel

A

Other Ways to Improve Air Quality

34
Q

Ozone Protects earth from UV radiation

Part of the electromagnetic spectrum with
wavelengths just shorter than visible light

Ozone thinning/hole
First identified in 1985
over Antarctica
Caused by human-produced bromine
and chlorine containing
chemicals
A

Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere

35
Q

Higher levels of UV-radiation hitting the earth

Eye cataracts

Skin cancer

Weakened immunity

May disrupt
ecosystems

May damage crops
and forests

A

Effects of Ozone Depletion

36
Q

Recovery of Ozone Layer

A

Montreal Protocol (1987)

Reduction of CFCs

Started using HCFCs (greenhouse gas)

Phase out of all ozone destroying chemicals
is underway globally

37
Q

mixing depth

A

The vertical distance between Earth’s surface and
the height to which convectional movements extend is
called the

38
Q

Mixing depth

A

The vertical distance between Earth’s surface and

the height to which convectional movements extend

39
Q

Represent a situation in which the atmosphere is very stable and the mixing depth is significantly restricted.

A

Temperature inversions

40
Q

Temperature inversions

A

Represent a situation in which the atmosphere is very stable and the mixing depth is significantly restricted.

41
Q

Form because the ground is a more effective radiator than the air above

A

Surface temperature inversions

42
Q

Surface temperature inversions

A

Form because the ground is a more effective radiator than the air above

43
Q

Are associated with sinking air that characterizes centers of high air pressure (anticyclones).

A

Inversions aloft

44
Q

Inversions aloft

A

Are associated with sinking air that characterizes centers of high air pressure (anticyclones).

Enviromental impact (3 decks)

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