Lecture 2 - 10/08 Flashcards
Option agreement
An option agreement is a legally binding contract between two entities outlining each counterparty’s responsibilities to the other.
In the financial derivatives arena, the option agreement is a contract between two parties that grants one party the right, but not the obligation, to purchase an asset from, or sell an asset to, the other party. It outlines the agreed-upon price and a future date for the transaction.
Coronary artery stent price vs CABG
CABG = £40,000 - 50,000 Stent = £2000
Cons of coronary stent
- Blood can clot on the stent
- Scar tissue can form from the insertion of the stent
which can then block the artery again - 1st blockage = stenosis
-2nd blockage = restenosis (in mid 90s 1/3 of all pts developed restenosis)
Complexity of stents
- floppy tube = high compliance
- rigid tube = low compliance
- presence of stent -> significant decreases in compliance -> abrupt compliance mismatch between arterial wall and stent -> creates flow instabilities
Compliance matching stent
- straighter struts in middle to provide stiff support for plaque
- parabolic struts at ends to provide compliance transition
- leads to cleaner flow pattern
- US patents
How does metal design affect restenosis rate
- restenosis rates varied significantly between different stents
- all these stents were made from the same material and used the same implantation procedure (stainless steel balloon expanded stent)
- therefore the ONLY difference is the Design of the struts
Licensing the technology
paying rent to have rights to the invention
Status of compliance matching stent
- 2 US patents granted (university slowed it down)
- Option agreement (1999-2001) - Failed
- Drug eluting stent came out (2003)
- NIH funding (2003-2007)
- Started company to develop CMS and related technology (Angiomechanix LLC 2002)
- patent near expiration now
- one potential licensee was ready to sign but found problem with 2 words in the patent ‘GENERALLY PARALLEL’ -> deal is then OFF
Aneurysm treatment
- Surgery - invasive, traumatic and costly
- Stent grafts of Endografts - minimally invasive, minimal trauma, costly technology, need follow up
but has suffered component fractures and failures
Problem with fatigue testing
- FDA only requires simple FATIGUE testing
- PROBLEM -> Fatigue testing did not did not simulate the realities of in vivo mechanical environment
- Additional mechanical requirement - BENDING -> 53% change in curvature in aorta when bending
Developing better fatigue tester
- add bending and twisting
- spinout company - Failure analysis of cardiovascular technologies (FACTS)
- US patent issued
- patent sold to BOSE , 2006
Secondary lymphoedema
- 1/7 woman develop breast cancer, 20% of those develop lymphoedema (3 mil sufferers in USA)
- USA: 10 mil suffering from lymphatic diseases overall
Facts about lymphoedema
- 40 lymph nodes in axillary region
- nodes are removed for diagnosis and to arrest the spread of metastasis
- removing 1 node = 5-10% risk of oedema
- node sparing procedures - 20% risk of oedema
- oedema adds $11,000/year to pt care
Treatment for lymphoedema
Decongestive lymphatic therapy
- manages diseases but NO CURE
FaciliFlow vision
100,000/year node harvesting procedure
all can be done with the implant to prevent oedema
