Lecture 2 (1/16)

Question 1

1. What are the types of polymorpholeukocytes?
2. Which is the most common polymorpholeukocyte?

Answer 1

1. basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils. They are also collectively called granulocytes
2. Neutrophils are the most common

Question 2

1. Describe what a basophil looks like under a microscope (color, nucleus shape).
2. What is the average half life of a basophil in the blood?
3. Where are you most likely to find a basophil?

Answer 2

1. blue (attracts basic dyes) with a C shaped nucleus, granules
2. approximately 100 days
3. live under epithelial tissues, especially skin

Question 3

1. Describe what an eosinophil looks like under a microscope (color, nucleus shape)
2. What is the average half life or an eosinophil in the blood?
3. Where are they most commonly found?

Answer 3

1. Red (picks up acidic dye), bilobed nucleus, granules
2. 30 minutes
3. Under the skin where they can live for a few weeks, very few found in the blood

Question 4

1. Describe what a neutrophil looks like under the microscope (color, nucleus shape)
2. What is the average half life in the blood?
3. Where do you normally find neutrophils?

Answer 4

1. Doesn’t pick up dye well so it looks neutral (purple-ish), has a multilobed nucleus, granules not visible
2. 8-10 hours
3. predominant white blood cell in the blood

Question 5

Like mast cells, basophils contribute to this abnormal immune reaction

Answer 5

allergies

Question 6

What substance do basophils contain in their granules?

Answer 6

inflammatory mediators, such as histamine

Question 7

Eosinophils and basophils are important against what kind of infectious agent?

Answer 7

Parasites

Question 8

What substance do eosinophils contain in their granules?

Answer 8

mediators designed to kill parasites, e.g. major basic protein and eosinophil cationic protein

Question 9

neutrophils are important against what kind of infectious agents?

Answer 9

bacterial infections (and sometimes fungi)

Question 10

What can cause neutrophil blood levels to rise? To fall?

Answer 10

Increase during a bacterial or fungal infection. They decrease during a viral infection.

Question 11

What is pus made up of?

Answer 11

Lots of dead neutrophils and cellular debris. Ew.

Question 12

What are the mononuclear immune cells?

Answer 12

Monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 13

What are the three main types of lymphocytes? Are they part of the innate or adaptive immune system?

Answer 13

Natural Killer (NK) cells- innate immunity

B lymphocytes (adaptive immunity)

T lymphocytes (adaptive immunity)

Question 14

1. Where are monocytes active?
2. What cells can monocytes develop into?

Answer 14

1. Active in the tissues (not in the blood)
2. develop into residental macrophages or dendritic cells

Question 15

1. What are three major functions of a monocyte once it arrives a site of infection?

Answer 15

1. Phagocytosis (macrophages),

presentation of antigen on MHC II (dendritic cells) and

release of cytokines that modulate inflammation and the immune response

Question 16

1. Which cells arrive at a site of infection first?
2. Which cells arrive second?
3. What does it indicate if there are high levels of the second cell at a site of infection?

Answer 16

1. Neutrophils arrive first
2. Monocytes arrive second, where they become macrophages and dendritic cells
3. High levels of monocyte derivates suggest a chronic infection

Question 17

How does the circulation pathway of lymphocytes differ from the other white blood cells?

Answer 17

Lymphocytes leave the blood to circulate in tissues (lymph tissues) and then return to the blood. Other white blood cells stay in the tissues once they leave the blood stream.

Question 18

1. What cells have addressins?
2. What is the function of an addressin?
3. What cell types interact with addressins?

Answer 18

1. Endothelial cells of blood vessels
2. To indicate the location within the body
3. All white blood cells

Question 19

When are addressins upregulated? Why?

Answer 19

upregulated during an infection to allow neutrophils (and later monocytes and lymphocytes) to adhere and enter the tissue

Question 20

define hematopoeisis

Answer 20

the production of blood cells in the bone marrow from a pluripotent stem cell

Question 21

1. Where do B cells mature?
2. Where to T cells mature?

Answer 21

1. the bone marrow (in mammals)
2. The thymus

Question 22

In relation to lymphocytes, define tolerance. How is tolerance developed?

Answer 22

Tolerance is the ability of lymphocytes to recognize self and not attack the body’s own tissues. Tolerance is developed in utero, where lymphocytes are exposed to self antigen. Lymphocytes that respond to self antigen are killed.

Question 23

B lymphocytes are responsible for __________ immunity by producing _________.

Answer 23

B lymphocytes are responsible for **humoral **immunity by producing antibodies

Question 24

T lymphocytes are responsible for __________ __________ immunity

Answer 24

T lymphocyte are responsible for **cell mediated **immunity (CMI)

Question 25

What does niave mean?

Answer 25

A B or T lymphocyte that has never encountered its specific antigen

Question 26

Why do lymphocytes circulate into the lymph tissues?

Answer 26

Antigen accumulates in the lymph tissues, so lymphocytes go there seeking their specific antigen

Question 27

Where are the lymphocytes in the body? Give approximate percentges for different tissues

Answer 27

40% in lymph tissues, 25% in blood,