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Biochem block 3 > lecture 1a- hormones > Flashcards

lecture 1a- hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a hormone?

A

A substance in the body that transmits a signal to produce an effect to alteration at the cellular levels

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2
Q

Hormones are regulate…

A

gene expression, reproduction, growth, senscence(aging) and maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

hormones have major _____ and ____

A

Major glands and major organs

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4
Q

What are the major hormone glands?

A

hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body

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5
Q

What ate the major hormone major organs?

A

Reproductive organs (ovaries and testes), pancreas and kidneys

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6
Q

What are the types of hormones?

A

protein, amino acid derived and steroid

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7
Q

How do endocrine hormones worK?

A

hormone released into bloodstream to contact distant cell

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8
Q

How does paracrine hormones work?

A

hormone released to contact a neighboring cell

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9
Q

How does autocrine hormones work?

A

hormone released onto itself

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10
Q

Explain the hormonal cascade:

A
  • First a environmental or internal signal signals the CNS to the limbic system so your HYPOTHALAMUS receives the signal and recreates releasing hormones (ng=very small).
  • Then the releasing hormones act on the anterior pituitary to release the tropic hormone (ug= a little more).
  • Then the tropic hormone acts on the target “gland” to release the ultimate hormone (mg) to create systemic effects
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11
Q

hormones always work in a _ and is magnified with every release (X_)

A

hormones always work in a cascade and is magnified with every release (X1000)

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12
Q

If there is too much ultimate hormone, what happens?

A

There is a negative feedback loop to the ant pituitary or hypothalamus

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13
Q

While most hormones go through the anterior pituitary, what two hormones got to the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin (uterine contractions and lactation) and vasopressin (water balance)

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14
Q

Peptide and protein hormones are products of ______

A

Translation

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15
Q

Peptides hormones are relatively _____ than protein hormones

A

smaller

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16
Q

How are the peptide/protein hormone stored or synthesized?

A

The cell stores peptide or protein hormones in secretory granules and releases them in “bursts” when stimulated. This allows cells to recreate a large amount of hormone over a short period of time (immediate)

OR

Cell synthesizes the hormone and releases it immediately in secretory vesicles

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17
Q

What is one way polypeptide and protein hormones are synthesized (e.g. POMC gene)

A

synthesis: gene encodes for several hormones

  • protein get cleaved into small sections (peptides)
  • These hormones independent of each other and they can bring effect
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18
Q

How are vasopressin and oxytocin synthesized

A

synthesis: gene encodes precursor for hormones

  • Gene is cleaved to make hormone but the hormone is so small It needs a carrier. In the same gene, Neurophysin (II for vasopressin & I for oxytocin) is cleaved out to be the carrier protein
  • The same gene has the carrier protein and hormone
  • Prepro-vasopressin–> pro-vasopressin–> vasopressin
    *same for oxytocin
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19
Q

How is insulin synthesized?

A

Synthesis: gene encodes precursor for hormones

  • In ER: first cleavage of signal sequence in prepro-insulin to get pro-insulin. The A and B chains have disulfide bridges.
  • In golgi: cleavage of the c-peptide (connecting peptide) and then you have mature insulin
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20
Q

What is the function of insulin and what does it stimulate

A

facilities uptake of glucose by cells; stimulates lipid and glycogen formation to decrease blood glucose levels

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21
Q

What happens with diabetes and in type one & two

A

no glucose uptake;pateitn manifests high circulating glucose levels (hyperglycemic)

  • Type 1: juvenile onset (kids)–> pancreatic cells destroyed-no production of insulin
  • Type 2: adult onset–> body does not produce enough insulin and/or does not utilize insulin efficiently. INSULIN RESISTANCE
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22
Q

What is the txt for type one and two

A

one: insulin injections
two: diet and exercise; drugs targeting organs involved in glucose metabolism; chronic cases-insulin injections

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23
Q

What are the four different ways drugs treat diabetes

A
  • enhance insulin acid in peripheral tissues
  • drugs that suppress endogenous glucose production
  • enhance endogenous insulin secretion
  • delay the absorption of carbohydrates from the GI tract
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24
Q

What are amino acid derived hormones

A

catecholamines: hormones and NT
Thyroid hormone

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25
Q

What is the example of amino acid derived hormones

A

norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) are synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine in the adrenal medulla and released in response to stress

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26
Q

What does NEP and EP do?

A

accelerate heartbeat, increase BP and blood flow to heart and lungs

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27
Q

What is the process of NEP and EP to be released

A
  • STRESS signal to hypothalamus to release ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) –> cortisol (steroid hormone)
  • Cortisol will initiate synthesis of PNMT (Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase) to take NEP to EP to then secrete EP out of the cells to see response

NEP is from Tyr

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28
Q

what is the epinephrine mode of action?

A

G- protein coupled receptor to cause second messengers to increase thranscription–> biological action

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29
Q

Where is the thyroid hormone synthesis occur?

A

Follicular space of the thyroid gland

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30
Q

What are the steps of the thyroid hormone

A
  1. thyroglobulin contains about 100-120 tyrosine residues
    2.Uptake of Iodide (I-)–> diet
  2. Oxidation og iodine (I)
  3. Iodination of thyroglobulin –> on tyrosine residues
  4. Formation of MIT (monoiodotyrosine ~ T1) and DIT (diiodotyrosine~T2)
  5. Polymeric molecules T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine; tetraiodothyronine)
  6. Secretion
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31
Q

what is the active thyroid hormone and storage

A
  • T3 is active
  • T4 is storage
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32
Q

Where do we get iodide?

A
  • Seafood, eggs, milk, dietary supplements and salt in diet
  • 150g in adults
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33
Q

What is your thyroid hormone responsible for?

A

Responible for rate of your metabolism

34
Q

Through the graph on the PP, explain thyroid hormone synthesis

A
35
Q

What is the enzyme for thyroid hormone

A

Peroxidase

36
Q

What does the hypothalamus secrete for thryoid hormone to situmlate the pituitary

A

Secretes TRH

37
Q

What does the pituitary release to stimulate the thyriod

A

Releases TSH

38
Q

Where is T4 converted to T3

A

Peripheral tissues

39
Q

What is the inactive thyroid hormone? and what can it do?

A

Reverse T3
Can dock with thyroid receptors and compete with T3

40
Q

What is the function of thyroid hormone?

A
  • Increases energy utilization
  • oxygen consumption
  • growth and deveplopment
41
Q

How does T3 work?

A
  • T3 binds to thyroid hormone transporter
  • Binds to thyroid response element on a gene and recruits cofactors (coactivators or corepressors)
  • When bound all together, will intitate thranscripiton of gene
42
Q

What are the thyroid hormone disorders?

A

Graves disease: hyperthyroidism
Hashimoto’s disease, chronic lymphocytic: Hypothyroidism

43
Q

What happens in hyperthyroidism

A
  • Tyroid stimulating immunoglobulin binds to the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor on the thyroid cell membrane and stimulates the thyroid gland
  • Thus, it stimulates thyroid homrone synthesis and thyroid gland growth causing **hyperthyroidism and thyromegaly **
  • The key is **increased production of T3 **
  • Negative feedback response is for TSH so T3 remain high due to thryoid stimulating immunoglobulin
  • **Disgnosis may have low TSH, high t3, t4 **
44
Q

Why do we still have high T3 even though we have a negative feedback response

A
  • Negative feedback response is for TSH so T3 remain high due to thryoid stimulating immunoglobulin
45
Q

What is the lab diagnosis result hyperthyroidism

A
  • **Disgnosis may have low TSH, high t3, t4 **
46
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyrodism?

A
  • nodules on thyroid-goiter
  • restlessness
  • anxiety
  • sweating
  • bulging eyes
47
Q

What is the treatment of hyperthyroidism

A
  • Anti-thyroid drug Tapazole
  • Surgical removal of thyroids
48
Q

What is the casue of hashimoto’s disease

A
  • underactive thyroid gland
  • enlarged, inflamed thyroid
49
Q

What is the symptoms of hashimotos

A
  • weight gain
  • dry skin
  • low heart rate
  • depression
50
Q

Where do we see 95% of casues of hashimotos

A

Women between 30-50

51
Q

What is the diagnosis of hashimoto’s

A

High titers of antibodies to thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase and TSH receptor

52
Q

What is the txt of hashimoto’s

A

thyroid hormone pills

53
Q

By varying the consitiutents od the steroid ring, steriods are metabolically _______

A

Interconverted

54
Q

All steriod hormones are made from ____

A

Cholesterol

55
Q

How many classes are there for steroid hormones

A
  • 5 classes: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, progestogens
  • the receptor defines the classes which structure defines receptor specificity
56
Q

What is an example of mineralocorticodis

A

aldosterone being most prominent

57
Q

What is a major glucocorticoids

A

cortisol

58
Q

What is an example of androgens

A

testosterone

59
Q

What are two examples of estrogens

A

estrodiol and estrone

60
Q

what is progestogens also known as and an example

A
  • Also known a progestins
  • Ex: progesterone
61
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

acts maninly in the functional unit of the kidneys to aid in the consveration of sodium,secretion of potassium, water retention and to stabilize blood pressure

62
Q

What is the function of cortisol

A
  • Metabolic: increases insuilin resistance, increases gluconegogenesis, lipolysis
  • Immunosuppressive: inhibits leukotrienes and prostaglandins, blacks histamine release from mast cells, blocks IL-2 production
  • **Maintains blood pressue **
63
Q

Glucocorticoids is what type of hormone

A

steroid

64
Q

____ suppress immune and inflammatory responses mediated by cytokines

A

Glucocorticoids

65
Q

What is the normal route of the inflammatory rxn in our body?

A
  • Within the cell, you have a complex of NF-KB +IKBa and when they are joined together they are inactive.
  • When TNF binds to the receptor, it separates the complex so NFKB(transactivator) can be active and turn on transcription of genes for cytokines
66
Q

What is the process when the glucorticoids are introduced into the cell?

A
  • GC binds to the receptor, then turn on transcription for the gene IKBa
  • IKBa then can bind to NKKB so it will be inactive and stop hyper-cytokines
67
Q

What is the clinical uses of glucocorticoids?

A
  • Allergic rhinitis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Asthma
  • MS
  • carpal tunnel syndrome
  • dermatitis
  • COPD
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Gout
  • Psoriasis
  • Inflammarory bowel disease
  • Sinusitis
  • Lupus erythematosus
68
Q

What is the base of sex hormones (androgen, estrogen, progesterone) ?

A

cholesterol

69
Q

are steroid hormones, hydrophobic or hyrdophillic?

A

hydrophobic

70
Q

Give details about steroid hormones

A
  • newly synthesized steroid hormones are rapidly secreted from the cell with little if any storage
  • biologically active steroids are transported in the blood by albumin, sex hormone binding globuin (SHBG) and corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)
  • Steroid hormones are typically eliminated by inactivating metabolic transformations and excretion in urine or bile
71
Q

What are the diseases related to steriod hormones

A

Cushing and congenital adrental hyperplasia

72
Q

What are the details of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

A
  • group of autosomal recessive diseases resulting from mutations of genes for enzymes in synthesis of steroid hormones in adrenal glands
  • adrenal hyperplasia as ACTH continues to stimulate steroid production due to lack of feedback inhibition from cortisol
  • Symptoms:exccessive loss of salt, ambiguous genitalia in infants
73
Q

Say the details about cushing disease

A
  • HIGH CORTISOL LEVELS
  • symptoms: growth retardation, hump in shoulder, and weight gain
  • Medications to control excessive production of cortisol at the adrenal gland: ketoconazole (nizoral), mitotane (lysodren), metyrophone (metopirone)
74
Q

Explain cyclic hormonal signaling with serotonin and melatonin

A
75
Q

Explain the cyclic hormonal signaling with the ovarian cycle

A
76
Q

Explain hormone transport

A
  • once a hormone is secreted by an endocrine tissue, it generally binds to a specific plasma protein carrier with the complex being disseminated to distant tissues
  • plasma carrier proteins exist for all classes of endocrine hormones
  • most peptide hormones circulate freely without carrier proteins. Carrier proteins for peptide hormones such as IGF prevent hormone destruction by plasma proteases
  • Carriers for their small hydrophillic amino acid-derved hormones prevent their filtration through the renal glomerulus, greatly prolonging their circulating half-life
  • Carriers for steroid and thyroid hormones allow these very hydrophobic substances to be present in the plasma at concentrations several hundred-fold greater than their solubility in water would permit
77
Q

Explain hormone clearance

A
  • Hormones can be inactivated in the liver through hydropxylation or oxidation and/or glucuronidation, sulfation or reduction with glutathion reactions and excreted via kidney
  • Hormones can be degraded at their target cell through internalization of the hormone-receptor complex followed by lysosomal degradation of the hormone–> when hormone is bound to receptor and all is internalized
  • a small fraction of total hormone production is excreted intact in the urine and feces
  • The metabolic rate of clearance of hormone is measured as the volune of plasma cleared of the hormone per unit of time
78
Q

How are homrones inactivated?

A

Hormones can be inactivated in the liver through hydropxylation or oxidation and/or glucuronidation, sulfation or reduction with glutathion reactions and excreted via kidney

79
Q

How can hormones be degraded?

A

Hormones can be degraded at their target cell through internalization of the hormone-receptor complex followed by lysosomal degradation of the hormone–> when hormone is bound to receptor and all is internalized

80
Q

A small fraction of total hormone production is ____ intact in the urine and feces

A

excreted

81
Q

How is the metabolic rate of clearance of hormone measured?

A

as the volume of plasma cleared of teh hormone per unit of time

Biochem block 3 (6 decks)

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