Lecture 19 Flashcards

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1
Q

Juxtacrine signalling is an example of a short-range signalling mechanism. Outline how this signalling mechanism acts

A

In juxtacrine signalling, two cells are in direct contact and the ligand is a membrane-bound signal molecule (transmembrane protein)

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2
Q

List some of the downstream effects of signalling mechanisms on the cell

A

Survival, death(apoptosis), migration, differentiation, division

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3
Q

What is often the result of phosphorylation of receptors once they become activated

A

Phosphorylation of receptors often creates recognition (docking) sites for downstream protein binding

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4
Q

Which kind of short-range signalling involves ligand secretion from the signalling cell which acts as a local mediator on neighbouring cells, diffusing only a few cell diameters away

A

Paracrine

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5
Q

Where in the body is autocrine signalling often used

A

Used a lot in the immune system

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6
Q

In addition to paracrine, autocrine and juxtacrine signalling, there is another type of short range cell signalling. What is this signalling mechanism and how does it act

A

Short range signalling can also occur through gap junctions. Gap junctions act to physically connect cells together and allows them to share small molecules and ions. This acts to metabolically and electrically couple cells together and allows the transfer of species such as cAMP and Ca2+ between cells.

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7
Q

Cells of different types can respond to the same signal quite differently. Give an example of this

A

The response of different cells to acetylcholine can vary in different tissues. In the heart, release of acetylcholine causes the relaxation of cardiac muscle whereas in skeletal muscle it causes contraction. Similarly, in glandular tissue, acetylcholine release causes secretion of vesicles

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8
Q

How many transmembrane domains are indicative of GPCRs

A

7 transmembrane domains

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9
Q

What is meant by the term signal transduction

A

The process by which extracellular signalling molecules cause changes in target cells

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10
Q

Signalling pathways usually involve an extracellular signalling molecule and a receptor protein that leads to the activation of intracellular signalling. Give examples of the different downstream targets of intracellular signalling

A

Metabolic enzymes, gene regulatory proteins and cytoskeletal protein elements

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11
Q

Integration steps often occur in intracellular signalling where different pathways can affect the same components. In contrast, spreading of the signal is never seen, T or F

A

F – spreading is also seen

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12
Q

What is the other name given to ligand-gated ion channels

A

Inotropic receptors

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13
Q

What is meant by primary transduction

A

Primary transduction is the process the converts the signal from the extracellular signalling molecule to an intracellular signal

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14
Q

Intracellular amplification of signals is a common feature of signal transduction, T or F

A

T

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15
Q

What are the two main types of GTP binding proteins involved in intracellular signalling

A

Guanine Exchange Factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs)

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16
Q

What kind of proteins are often the downstream targets of intracellular receptors

A

Transcription factors

17
Q

What type of signalling molecules do cell surface receptors often interact with

A

Hydrophilic ligands

18
Q

What is the role of scaffold proteins in intracellular signalling

A

Scaffold proteins play an important role in anchoring numerous components in place to respond to the activated receptors. By holding components in place, scaffold proteins effectively increase the effective concentration

19
Q

Describe what is meant by autocrine signalling

A

Autocrine signalling involves local groups of neighbouring cells with both produce the receptor and the ligand for a particular pathway. The secreted factor activates its own receptor on the same cell and neighbouring cells often as part of a positive feedback loop.

20
Q

Describe the general structure and activation of enzyme-coupled receptors

A

Enzyme coupled receptors are transmembrane proteins that interact with ligands. This interaction then activates the intracellular enzyme domain or recruits an intracellular enzyme leading to signal transduction

21
Q

What kind of signalling molecules do intracellular receptors interact with

A

Hydrophobic/lipophilic signalling molecules

22
Q

Give an overview of signalling from GPCRs

A

The GPCR will interact with a ligand that allows binding of the receptor to a G-protein forming a complex which can then interact with enzymes