Lecture 18: Invertebrate Spain: From fin du siecle to post-war crisis Flashcards
What happens after the collapse of the first republic of spain?
Canovas de Castillo assumes power (moderate-liberal) signaling the era of restoration and the second liberal state
What is the turno pacifico?
Peaceful and ordered alternation in power between the two main parties?
What are the two main parties during the second liberal state?
- The Conservative Party: Moderate Liberals, Carlists, Absolutists, anti-liberal Catholics
- The Liberal Party: Progressive liberals and some Democrats, liberal Catholics, secularists (did not include socialists or most republicans)
Did the restoration favour a liberal state or a democratic state?
A liberal state rather than a democratic state, since the participation of the masses was seen as negative as demonstrated by the First Republic
What were the main challenges to the Restoration?
- The rise of Basque nationalism
- The rise of Catalan nationalism
- The loss of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines
- Morocco and the scramble for Africa
What is modern basque nationalism rooted in?
The Carlist wars and in the military and political triumph of the Restoration/Liberal state
What did the restoration lead to involving the Basque country?
- The military occupation of the Basque provinces that had supported the Carlists
- The decree establishing the end of the Basque specific status
- The establishment of the first Basque Economic Agreement regulating the payment of taxes to the state
What ideologies was the Basque Nationalist Party rooted in?
Catholic and racial identity/purity, ruralism, anti-capitalism and anti-immigration
It incorporated more moderate autonomist elements after 1913
What is Catalan nationalism based in?
- Based on the recovery of Catalan language and literature
- Philosophical nationalism: language, culture, and geography are the foundation of the Nation
How did the loss of Cuba impact Spain?
- Weakened the restoration state’s legitimacy
- Pushed Spain to scramble for Africa
- Impacted the Basque country, Valencia, and Catalonia’s economy (this promoted nationalism in these regions)
- Increased calls for modernization and national unity
How did US intervene in the loss of Cuba?
US intervened and helped Cuba gain independence from Spain, only to make Cuba a US protectorate
What are the causes of cuban nationalism?
- Inspiration from other Latin American nations
- Romantic and nationalist ideologies
- Repression under martial law
- Failure to end slavery
- Lack of political and social reforms
How did Spain scramble for Africa?
- Spain has a secondary role in Africa, yet focused on areas of historical and geographical proximity (mainly North Africa and the Western Sahara)
- Colonialism in Morocco (Cueta and Melilla)
What was the Generation of 1898?
The Generation of 1898 voiced their opinions on Spain:
- They identified the need to make Spain contributions to Western culture better known in Europe, but also the need to make Spain a more European country
- They reflect on the history and “essence” of Spain
- They present a critical view of the state of Spanish society and the need to regenerate it
- They will reject authoritarianism, puritanism and Catholic orthodoxy, and the political elites of the Restoration
- They will begin to deal with the problem of the social masses in politics, the socialist/communist/anarchist alternatives as well as the beginnings of fascism
What is the Generation of 1898?
Key figures such as philosophers, writers, poets, journalists, playwrights, etc.
Who was Santiago Ramón y Cajal?
Spanish physician and scientist considered to be the founder of modern neurobiology
Who was Manuel de Falla?
Prominent Andalusian composer of the early 20th century who embraced the styles of Impressionism, Neoclassicism, and Nationalism
