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PAM Mizzou plnt_sci_4500 > Lecture 18 exam 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

signs of SCN are

A

seeing the nematode itself or cysts w/ the scn

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2
Q

SE

A

sieve element

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3
Q

sugars will be transported from the blank to the blank

A

sieve element to the apopolast of the adjoining giant cell

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4
Q

General nematode life cycle

A

egg

j1

m1

j2

hatch

j2

m2

j3

m3

j4

m4

adult w gender

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5
Q

how to the nematodes move within the root

A

by mechanical or by enzyme aided means

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6
Q

soybean cyst nematode

A

heterodera glycines

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7
Q

the blank and blank are also modified to do what

A

xylem and phloem are modified to provide nutrition

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8
Q

what happens at the 48 hr mark of root knot

A

induction of feeding cells and the worm becomes sedentary

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9
Q

symptoms of pratylenchus worms

A

-root lesions
-enxtensive root necrosis
-root rots due to 2ndary infections
-plants are unhealthy and stunted
-decreased yeilds
-plants pulled easily from soil due to damaged roots

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10
Q

life cycle of sting nematodes

A

-juveniles devlop within eggs in soil
-j2 hatch and are attracted to compounds excreted by roots
-j2 feed as ectoparasites on root hairs
-molt to j3
-j3 and then on feed on root meristem tissue
-amphimixis

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11
Q

because there is karyokinesis but not cytokineses giant cells are

A

multinucleated

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12
Q

damaged turf is not able to withstand

A

severe heat or even mild drought stress

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13
Q

a plant will not develop the blank when it senses an infection so you get blank

A

the meristem, so you get a plant with few roots if theres lots of infections causing decreased yeild

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14
Q

with root knot nematodes what are formed on the root

A

galls

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15
Q

endoparasites enter

A

the root to feed

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16
Q

what is a sieve element

A

a type of cell in the phloem

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17
Q

pratylenchus worms reporduce by

A

amphimixis means

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18
Q

pratylenchus worms will not

A

modify the plant tissue itself

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19
Q

belanolaimus females lay

A

eggs in pairs in the soil

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20
Q

as the nematode grows the

A

number of giant cells formed increase enclosed within the galls

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21
Q

belanolaimus worms actually require

A

80% sand content in soil to survive

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22
Q

giant cells also have blank within them

A

more dense cytoplasm

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23
Q

nematode signals trigger

A

feeding site formation

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24
Q

from the apoplast the dugars and aminos are being brought into

A

giant cells using plant transporters

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25
Q

migratory ectoparasites feed

A

from exterior of root by inserting the stylet into the tissue

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26
Q

structure arounf giant cells is modified and is called the

A

gall

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27
Q

symptoms of belanolaimus

A

irregular patches or yellowing foliage

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28
Q

adaptations for plant parasitism

A

hollow stylet

morphological and physiological changes to the esophagus

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29
Q

j3 and onward pratylenchus worms feed

A

on the root apical meristem

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30
Q

with SCN the egg mass is blank, the cyst is blank, and the female is blank

A

egg mass is inside the cyst
the cyst is inside the root
the female is outside the root

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31
Q

lesion worm of coffee

A

pratylenchus coffeae

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32
Q

when the female cyst dies what happens

A

the color changes from a white to brown color

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33
Q

nematodes will select

A

specific cells for feeding

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34
Q

root rot with pratylenchus is usually caused by

A

a complex of soil microorganisms due to secondary infections

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35
Q

once damage is noticed from lesion nematodes theres

A

normally too many worms to do anything about it

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36
Q

umami transporters move what

A

amino acids

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37
Q

pratylenchus worms overwinter where

A

in infected plant material

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38
Q

cytokinesis

A

when cells are dividing and forming septa (cell walls)

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39
Q

lesion worm of tobacco

A

pratylenchus penetrans

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40
Q

the lesion nematode is called

A

pratylenchus

41
Q

cyst nematodes

A

heterodera

42
Q

if a nematode is migratory then

A

all life stages will be veriform

43
Q

what type of cells are modified into giant cells mostly

A

vascular parenchymal cells

44
Q

migratory ectoparasites will remain

A

veriform throughout the life cycle

45
Q

plants with pratylenchus damage are prone to

A

lodging and wind damage

46
Q

bc they go in and out of the root, belanolaimus worms find what type of environment easiest

A

sandy soil bc the sand gives them more friction to move with

47
Q

j2 pratylenchus worms feed on

A

root hairs

48
Q

lesion worm of potato

A

pratylenchsu brachyurus

49
Q

belanolaimus worms are what type of parasite

A

migratrory ectoparasite

50
Q

pratlyenchsu worms are what type of parasite

A

migratory parasites

51
Q

belanolaimus worms feed on

A

root hairs and root apical meristem using a very long stylet

52
Q

root knot nematodes cause

A

more damage worldwide than any
other genus

53
Q

when giant cells form you get

A

karyokinses but not cytokinesis

54
Q

sweet transporters transport what

A

sugars (sucrose)

55
Q

the sting nematode is called

A

belanolaimus

56
Q

what happens in the 24 hr range of root knot

A

invasion, the migration to the intercellular target site

57
Q

with pratylenchus worms all life stages are

A

infective, (j2 to adult)

58
Q

poor response to irrigation, or fertilizers can be a sign of

A

a nematode problem

59
Q

cyst nematodes are where

A

within the root

60
Q

as the cells die in the root

A

the nematode will find new roots to infect

61
Q

the egg mass is located where for root knot

A

outside the root

62
Q

the pratylenchus worm blank is pretty destructive

A

intracellular migration

63
Q

CAT 6 transporters bring

A

aminos from apoplast into the giant cell

64
Q

where are the eggs in root knot nematodes? Where are the females?

A

the eggs are outside the root, the females are within the root

65
Q

GC

A

giant cell

66
Q

invaginations in the giant cell do what

A

increase the surface area for transporter placement

67
Q

once the nutrients are brought into the giant cell thw

A

nutrients are then absorbed by the nematode through the stylet

68
Q

pratylenchus worms live how long

A

have a 45 to 65 day life cycle

69
Q

general root knot nematode life cycle (start at j2)

A

-j2 infects
-root is parasitized
-feeding on structure because of formation of gulls
-once feeding you get multiple molts
-leaves tissues to find mate @ m4
-nematode mates and dies

70
Q

gall inducing root knot nematodes

A

meloigodyne

71
Q

the root apical meristem is

A

the tip of the root

72
Q

the margin between healthy and nematode damaged turf is

A

gradual, not sharp

73
Q

pratylenchus worms will lay eggs where

A

singly or in small groups inside plant tissue or in the soil

74
Q

root knot nematodes are what type of parasite

A

Sedentary endoparasite

75
Q

nematode damaged tissue will start to

A

degenerate and can cause secondary infection because of other pathogens getting in from their damage

76
Q

things the pratylenchus worms infect

A

field crops
vegetablesit trees
ornamentals

77
Q

where are pratylenchus worms located

A

temperate and tropical areas

78
Q

what happens at the 3 to 4 day mark of root knot

A

nutrient acquisition: vascularisation of feeding site, and nematode turns to an adult

79
Q

root knot nematodes form

A

complex feeding sites in roots called giant cells

80
Q

root knot nematodes have a wide

A

hsot range and can parasitize more than 2000 plant species

81
Q

once a plants root has been invaded the plant will try to

A

limit damage by undergoing apoptosis

82
Q

belanolaimus life cycle lasts

A

18 to 24 days

83
Q

most important belanolaimus worm is

A

belanolaimus longicaudatus

84
Q

The belanolaimus worms mostly affect

A

turf grass

85
Q

if you have a plant with less of a root system then

A

symptoms are exacerbated when there is a drought or less water available (theres not enough root surface area to collect the water)

86
Q

the infective stage of root knot nematode is

A

the j2 stage

87
Q

how do root knot nematodes reproduce

A

parthogenisis

88
Q

nematodes will modify blank in the cells to make more blank

A

transcription in the cell to make more transporters

89
Q

there are blank on the cell walls of giant cells

A

invaginations

90
Q

most common root knot nematode

A

southern root knot nematode

91
Q

how are giant cells formed

A

you get nuclei division (karyokinesis) without cytokinesis

92
Q

SUC transporters would do what

A

bring sucrose from apoplast into the giant cell

93
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

94
Q

ectoparasites feed externally by

A

inserting stylet

95
Q

feeding site formation equals the formation of

A

syncytia or giant cells

96
Q

karyokinesis

A

division of nuclei

97
Q

in rkn the knot is blank, the eggs are blank, and the female is blank

A

the knot is inside the root, the eggs are outside the root, and the female is inside the root

98
Q

cell walls bw giant cells are blank but around the galls are blank

A

thinner
thicker

PAM Mizzou plnt_sci_4500 (1 decks)

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