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Mammalian Physiology 2017 > Lecture 18 - Endocrine System 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 - Endocrine System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

2 lateral lobes connected by median mass called an isthmus

A

Thyroid gland

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2
Q

The thyroid gland is composed of follicles that produce the glycoprotein ___________________.

A

Thyroglobulin

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3
Q

Colloid (thyroglobulin + iodine) fills lumen of follicles and is a precursor of _________________.

A

Thyroid hormone

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4
Q

Parafollicular cells produce the hormone _________________.

A

Calcitonin

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5
Q

Thyroid hormone is actually 2 related compounds, which are _______ and _________.

A

T4 (thyroxine)

T3 (triiodothyronine)

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6
Q

_______ has 2 tyrosine molecules + 4 bound iodine atoms.

A

T4

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7
Q

_______ has 2 tyrosine molecules + 3 bound iodine atoms.

A

T3

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8
Q

________________ affects virtually every cell in the body; it is the #1 metabolic hormone in the body

A

Thyroid hormone

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9
Q

True or false: Thyroid hormone increases metabolic rate and heat production (calorigenic effect). It also regulates tissue growth and development, and maintains blood pressure.

A

True

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10
Q

The thyroid gland stores TH ___________________.

A

Extracellularly

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11
Q

________________ is necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormone.

A

Iodine

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12
Q

________ and ________ are transported by thyroxine-binding globulins (TBGs).

A

T4; T3

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13
Q

Both T4 and T3 bind to target receptors, but _____ is 10 times more active than _____.

A

T3; T4

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14
Q

True or false: Peripheral tissues convert T4 to T3.

A

True

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15
Q

Rising TH levels provide negative feedback inhibition on release of __________.

A

TSH

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16
Q

Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone can overcome __________________ during pregnancy or exposure to cold (non-human).

A

Negative feedback

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17
Q

___________________ of TH in adults is myxedema; goiter if due to lack of iodine.

A

Hyposecretion

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18
Q

Thyroid swells to maximize surface area to attempt to absorb any trace of iodine present

A

Goiter

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19
Q

True or false: Hyposecretion of TH in infants is cretinism.

A

True

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20
Q

Hypersecretion of TH is ________________ (constant increased metabolism causes patient’s inability to keep weight on)

A

Graves’ disease

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21
Q

___________________ has no known physiological role in humans

A

Calcitonin

22
Q

Calcitonin is antagonist to _______________

A

PTH

23
Q

At higher than normal doses, calcitonin ______________ osteoclast activity and release of calcium form bone matrix
*Osteoclasts break down bone

A

Inhibits

24
Q

4 to 8 tiny glands embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid

A

Parathyroid glands

25
Q

True or false: Parathyroid glands contain oxyphil cells (function unknown) and parathyroid cells that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH).

A

True

26
Q

PTH is most important in __________________ (by releasing calcium from bone).

A

Calcium homeostasis

27
Q

PTH stimulates _______________ to digest bone matrix and release calcium to blood.

A

Osteoclasts

28
Q

PTH enhances reabsorption of ____________ and secretion of phosphate by kidneys.

A

Calcium

29
Q

PTH promotes activation of _______________ (by kidneys); increases absorption of calcium by intestinal mucosa.

A

Vitamin D

30
Q

Negative feedback control: rising calcium in blood ____________ PTH release

A

Inhibits

31
Q

_________________ due to tumor:

  • -> bones soften and deform
  • -> elevated calcium depresses nervous system and contributes to formation of kidney stones
A

Hyperparathyroidism

32
Q

Hypoparathyroidism following gland trauma or removal or dietary Mg deficiency:

  • -> not enough ______ in bloodstream
  • -> results in tetany, respiratory paralysis, and death
A

Calcium

33
Q

Paired, pyramid-shaped organs atop kidneys

A

Adrenal glands

34
Q

Adrenal glands are structurally and functionally 2 glands in one. Name these 2 glands.

A

Adrenal medulla

Adrenal cortex

35
Q

Nervous tissue; part of sympathetic nervous system

A

Adrenal medulla

36
Q

3 layers of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete corticosteroids

A

Adrenal cortex

37
Q

3 layers of adrenal cortex

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona reticularis
38
Q

Superficial layer that produces mineralocorticoids (hormones that help control balance of minerals and water in the blood)

A

Zona glomerulosa

39
Q

Middle layer that mainly produces the metabolic hormones (glucocorticoids)

A

Zona fasciculata

40
Q

The innermost layer that produces small amounts of adrenal sex hormones (gonadocorticoids)

A

Zona reticularis

41
Q

Regulate electrolytes (primarily sodium and potassium) in ECF

A

Mineralocorticoids

42
Q

Mineralocorticoids are necessary for proper _____________ function.

A

Nervous system

43
Q

Affects ECF volume, blood volume, blood pressure, levels of other ions

A

Importance of sodium

44
Q

Sets resting membrane potential of cells

A

Importance of potassium

45
Q

Most potent mineralocorticoid

A

Aldosterone

46
Q

True or false: Aldosterone stimulates sodium reabsorption and water retention by kidneys; elimination of potassium

A

True

47
Q

________________ release is triggered by decreasing blood volume and blood pressure, and rising blood levels of potassium

A

Aldosterone

48
Q

Hypersecretion due to adrenal tumors

  • -> hypertension and edema due to excessive sodium
  • -> excretion of potassium leading to abnormal function of neurons and muscle
A

Aldosteronism

49
Q

Keep blood glucose levels relatively constant

A

Glucocorticoids

50
Q

Glucocorticoids maintain blood pressure by increasing action of _________________.

A

Vasoconstrictors

51
Q

_____________ is the only glucocorticoid present in significant amounts in humans; stress hormone

A

Cortisol

Mammalian Physiology 2017 (4 decks)

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