Lecture 17 - Neural Recovery & Regeneration Flashcards
Are all neurons present at birth?
no.
It has now definitively been demonstrated that new neuron production takes place in the HIPPOCAMPUS and OLFACTORY regions.
Where has there been evidence of adult neurogenesis?
dentate gyrus of hippocampus
olfactory bulb and rostral migratory stream
possibly amygdala, hypothalamus, striatum, neocortex, substantia nigra..
Around what age is neural dev complete
25
At what age is the brain weight 90%
6
What are the critical phases in brain growth?
in utero
0-3 years
10-13 years
overshoots by 110%
What is the pattern of brain growth
brain grows in spurts, over produces neurons then it cuts back.
in utero
0-3 years
10-13 years
How is neural pruning reduced
complex stimulation, enriched environemnts.
Pathways that are used will be reinforced and therefore strengthened, for example language- related activity
Those that are not used will be selectively eliminated
does brain volume = intellgence?
No, because there is greater frontal grey matter at 4 than 22.
22 yrs = smarter.
What are the first brain areas to become myelinated
those related to sensation and movement
babies intetegrate sensory infor and movement first.
What are the the second brain areas to become myelinated
memory, spatial orientation and language comprehension
What is the final brain area to become myelinated
frontal areas
Which areas intact in AD
SENSORY AND MOTOR AREAS
What are some regions that differ in brain volume between adolescents and young adults
bigger in young adults:
- frontal core areas
mainly. .
How does experience change the brain?
brain adapts through plasticity.
this is seen where we learn things and accomodate.
seen where goggles reverse the visual world, but after a period of days, switching of the view to normal despite goggles.
What is an example of the brain changing in the event of changed input?
persisting representation which eventually becomes misplaced:
Indirectly measured the cortical maps in individuals with limb amputations
When the face was stroked softly with a cotton swab, amputees reported sensations of being touched in the amputated hand
May explain “phantom limb” pain
but there can also be REMAPPING
cut off middle finger, representation map for the somatosensory cortex compensates. all fingers become remapped, so there is no more sensory input for that finger, but then elevated input for all other things.
What is evidence of plasticity in congenitally deaf and blind people
when viewing hand signs, there was activation in superior temporal gyrus, which is the auditory area.
for blind people, there is evidence that the visual cortex participates in auditory discrimination
What does depth of processign show us
if you’re an expert in something, you are more likely to process deeper, and have more neural networks dedicated for it
How is training associated with brain changes?
Training juggling skills increased volume in cortex related to visual motion detection and visual-motor coordination – increased cell size or synaptic expansion?
drops back after you stop doing it, but not to baseline
What is the difference in representation when learning al anguage as a child and as an adult
combined representation of language, in broca’s area, when learnt as a child.
seperated anatomically from the firstl anguage, when learnt as an adult.
How was brocas area modified in instrumentalists
those who played orchestra had increased grey matter in broca’s area…
didn’t decline with age
positively correlated with years of playing in younger musicians
what is the relationship betweeen cortical thickness and IQ
young childhood = high iq - less cortical thickness
late childhood - high iq - greater cortical thicness
