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MCB 10 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

1
Q

How many major HLA genes are needed for most transplants to succeed?

A

4

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2
Q

HLA genes

A

account for about 50% of the genetic impact on immunity

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3
Q

what determines an HLA type

A

several genes with multiple alleles

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4
Q

Major histocompatibilty complex

A

MHC region on short arm of chromosome 6 containing about 70 genes

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5
Q

what encodes human leukocyte antigens (hla)

A

MHC class I and II

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6
Q

what is the difference between class I and II HLAs that encode human leukocyte antigens?

A

Class I - encode antigens defining “self”

Class II - encodes several proteins found in antigen-presenting cells

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7
Q

MHC class III genes

A

encode protein providing non-specific immune functions

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8
Q

the human immune system

A

a network of vessels called lymphatics and bean-shaped structures called lymph notes

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9
Q

what is lymph and what does it carry

A

the fluid filling the lyph ducts

-carries macrhopages and B- and T- lymphocytes

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10
Q

what organs are involved in production or maturation of immune cells

A

spleen and thymus

bone marrow

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11
Q

immunity

A

the immune response attacks pathogens, cancer cells and transplanted cells with two lines of defense

1) innate immunity
2) adaptive immunity

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12
Q

difference between innate and adaptive immunity

A
  • innate immunity - immediate and generalized
  • adaptive immunity - specific and slower

these act after various physical barriers block pathogens

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13
Q

physical barriers

A 
The first line of defense
Examples include:
- Unbroken skin
- Mucous membranes and secretions
- Waving cilia of the respiratory
tract
- Flushing effect of tears, saliva,
urination, and diarrhea
All of these are non-specific defenses
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14
Q

a central part of innate immune response - inflammation

A
  • A process that creates a hostile
    environment for pathogens
  • Sends in phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens via phagocytosis
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15
Q

innate immune response

A 
OInflammation
Collectins
- Recognize specific bacterial
antigens
Cytokines
- Interferon = Anti-viral
- Interleukins = Fever-inducing
- Tumor necrosis factor α = Anticancer

Cytokines also play a role in adaptive immunity

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16
Q

what immunity do cytokine play a role in?

A

adaptive and innate immunity

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17
Q

complement system (innate immune response)

A 
- Plasma proteins that assist or
complement other defense responses
- Roles of complement proteins
include:
Puncture bacterial cells Dismantle viruses
Trigger histamine release to
dilate blood vessels
Attract phagocytes
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18
Q

adaptive immunity

A

Requires stimulation
Response time is in days
Has three basic characteristics:
1) Diversity: many different pathogens
recognized.
2) Specificity: distinguishes particular molecules.
3) Memory: responds faster with
subsequent exposure.
- Primary immune response: reaction to first exposure.
- Secondary immune response: reaction to exposure using “memory” of first response.

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19
Q

adaptive immunity - two types of response

A

1)Humoral immune response
- B cells produce antibodies in
response to activation by T cells

2)Cellular immune response
- T cells produce cytokines and
activate other cells

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20
Q

cytokines

A
  • Interferon = Anti-viral
  • Interleukins = Fever-inducing
  • Tumor necrosis factor α = Anticancer
21
Q

humoral immune response

A
  1. Antigen-presenting macrophage activates a helper T cell
  2. Helper T cell activates a B cell with matching cell surface receptors
  3. B cells divide to produce plasma cells and memory cells
  4. Plasma cells secrete antibodies into blood that will recognize the antigen presented.
  5. Memory cells remain dormant until second exposure when they respond faster and more effectively
22
Q

humoral immune response - polylonal

A

polyclonal

-different antibody proteins recognize and bind to different features of foreign cells

23
Q

antibody structure

A

Minimally consist of four polypeptide chains

  • Two long (heavy) chains
  • Two shorter (light) chains
  • Constant region of each chain is similar
  • Variable region of each chain is diverse
24
Q

Antigen binding sites

A
  • Idiotypes: sites in direct contact with antigen

- Epitope: portion of the antigen contacting the antibody

25
Q

large antibody molecules

A

consist of two or five Y-shaped subunits

26
Q

function of antibodies

A
  • Bind pathogen protein or toxin and inactivates or neutralizes them
  • Can clump pathogens making them more visible for macrophages
  • Activate the complement system boosting the innate immune response

In some situations, the antibody
response can be harmful

27
Q

another word for antibodies

A

immunoglobulines

-five major types distinguised by location and function

28
Q

creation of antibody diversity

A
  • During early development of B cells, sections of the antibody genes are rearranged along their chromosome
  • Rearrangement due to enzymes cutting and pasting different combinations of V (Variable), D (Diversity), and J (Joining) genes creates new versions of the antibody proteins
29
Q

genes and chains on the chromosomes

A
  • V, D and J genes for heavy chains are on chromosome 14.

- V and J genes for light chains are on chromosomes 2 and 22.

30
Q

cellular immune response maturation of T cells

A
  • T cells must recognize foreign antigens and not recognize self antigens
  • Immature T cells, called thymocytes, travel to the thymus and display their cell surface receptors
  • The thymus lining displays self antigens
  • T cells that bind these self antigens die by apoptosis
  • T cells that do not bind the self antigens survive and mature
31
Q

Thymocytes

A

immature T cells that travel to the thymus and display their cell surface receptors

32
Q

what happens when T cells bind to self antiens

A

T cells must recognize foreign antigens and not self antigens because T cells that bind to self antigens die by apoptosis
-T cells that do not bind the self antigens survive and mature

33
Q

Types of T cells

A
  • Helper T cells - Have CD4 antigens
  • Cytotoxic T cells - Have CD8 antigens
  • Regulatory T cells - Secrete cytokines
34
Q

Role of T cells in humoral immune response

A
  • Recognize antigens presented by macrophages

- Helper T cells stimulate B cells to produce antibodies

35
Q

Role of T cells in cellular immune response

A
  • Secrete cytokines

- Activate cytotoxic T cell

36
Q

types of cytokines - colony stimulating factors

A

stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes

37
Q

types of cytokines - interferons

A

block viral replication, stimulate macrophage to engulf viruses, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies, attack cancer cells

38
Q

types of cytokines - interleukins

A

contol lymphocyte differentiation and growth, cause fever that accompanies bacterial infection

39
Q

types of cytokines - tumor necrosis factor

A

stop tumor growth, releases growth factors, stimulates lymphocyte differentiation, dismantles bacterial toxins

40
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

Continuously monitor body cells, recognizing and eliminating virus-infected and tumor cells

41
Q

abnormal immunity

A

immunity may be too weak,
too strong, or misdirected

Abnormal immune responses may be multifactorial or caused by a mutation in a single gene

42
Q

inherited immune deficiencies

A

At least 20 types
Affect innate and adaptive immunity

Examples
- Chronic granulomatous disease:
Mutation of oxidase enzyme results in neutrophils that cannot kill bacteria
- Severe combined immune deficiency (SCID): Impacts both humoral and cellular immunity due to lack of mature B cells and/or T cells

43
Q

immune system cells - macrophages

A

presents antigens

performs phagocytosis

44
Q

immune system cells - mast cell

A

releases histamine in inflammation

releases allergy mediators

45
Q

immune system cells - b cell

A

matures into antibody producing plasma cell or into memory cell

46
Q

immune system cells - helper t cells

A
  • recognizes nonself antigens presentd on macrophages
  • stimulates B cells to produce antibodies
  • secretes cytokines
  • activates cytotoxic T cells
47
Q

immune system cells - cytotoxic

A

attacks cancer cells and cells infected with viruses upon recognizing antigens

48
Q

immune system cells - natural killer

A

attacks cancer cells and cells infected with viruses without recognizing antigen; activates other white blood cells

49
Q

immune system cells - suppressor

A

inhibits antibody production

MCB 10 (11 decks)

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