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Cell biology > lecture 17 > Flashcards

lecture 17 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain the overview process of development

A

Positional information (cell signalling) ->

Differentiation (differential gene expression) or Morphogenesis (Growth/change in cell shape) ->

Development (Zygote -> organism)

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2
Q

What is development?

A

Cell biology in action

e.g.
Cell proliferation and death

Cell signalling

Changes in cell shape

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3
Q

Common model organism for testing development

A

Nematodes - Transparency, screened for drug effects

Drosophila - fruit flies - Rapid development, small genome size, developmental mutants

Zebrafish

African clawed toad

Mice

Chicks

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4
Q

Embryonic development in Xenopus

A

Cleavage - cell division in early embryo
Gastrulation - Cell movements that form gut and 3 primary germ layers

Morula -> Blastula -> 2-layered gastrula and 3-layered gastrula

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5
Q

Name layers in 2-layered gastrula

A

Endoderm
Ectoderm

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6
Q

Name layers in 3-layered gastrula

A

Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Archenteron
Blastopore

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7
Q

Describe cleavages in early Xenopus embryonic development

A

Cleavage 1 and 2 - Perpendicular, equal holoblastic, nuclei are displaced ‘animal ward’

Cleavage 3 - Perpendicular, equatorial, Unequal holoblastic

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8
Q

What does cleavage 3 give more rise to?

A

More rapidly dividing animal pole

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9
Q

2 functions of gastrulation in xenopus

A

Forms gut

Forms primary germ layer

Bastula with blastocoel -> Blastopore -> Gut, anus, mouth

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10
Q

What are the primary germ layers

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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11
Q

Endoderm in vertebrates vs insects

A

Gut, liver, lungs of vertebrates

Gut of insects

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12
Q

Mesoderm in vertebrates vs insects

A

Skeleton, muscle, kidney, heart, blood in vertebrates

Muscle, heart, blood in insects

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13
Q

Ectoderm in vertebrates vs insects

A

Vertebrates: skin, nervous system

Insects: Cuticle, nervous system

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14
Q

Explain vertebrate eyes

A
  • Begin as pair of diverticula from lateral aspects of forebrain
  • Develop to optic cup - form retina
  • Invaginated ectoderm forms lens
  • Overlying ectoderm forms cornea
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15
Q

How can signals be induced?

A

Vesicle in cell 1 diffuses signal molecules across the membrane where they bind secondary messengers on surface of cell 2

Ligand on cell 1 directly binds receptor on cell 2

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16
Q

Give some examples of signalling pathways in development

A

TGFbeta receptors - a/p axis specification

RTKs - Migration and proliferation

Wnt receptors - parasegment boundaries

Hedgehog receptors - limb development

Notch - Cell fate decision in CNS

17
Q

Explain French flag model of morphogens

A

Cell has potential to develop as blue, white or red

Position defined by concentration

Positional value interpreted by cells that differentiate to form a pattern

18
Q

What is AER?

A
  • required for limb outgrowth
  • Secretes fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) family proteins
19
Q

What is ZPA?

A
  • Controls anterior-posterior digit formation via induction
20
Q

Induction in limb development

A

Donor limb bud has ZPA -> new ZPA on host limb bud

21
Q

What induces mirror image formation

A

Shh cells implanted into anterior of developing limb bud

22
Q

Two-way induction in kidney development

A

Ureteric bud has epithelium and mesenchyme

mesenchyme induces bud branching

Forms collecting ducts and developing renal tubules

23
Q

What enzyme family is required for kidney development

A

RETs (type of receptor tyrosine kinase)

24
Q

What is secreted by the mesenchyme?

A

GDNF

Ret and GDNF expressed on ureteric bud

25
Q

Ret activation

A

GDNFR-alpha is co-receptor for GDNF

GDNF binds Ret and GDNFR-alpha which activates kinase domain (ATP hydrolysis)

26
Q

What links kinase domain to Ret?

A

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor

27
Q

What may also be ureteric bud signal?

A

LIF or leukaemia inhibitory factor

Cell biology (22 decks)

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