lecture Flashcards
Is the cell membrane a fluid or a solid?
fluid
describe the cell membrane
contains the lipid bilayer
covers the cell
also referred to as the plasma membrane
How thick is the plasma membrane
7-10 nm thick
The cell membrane is composed of how many percentage of Protein, Carbohydrates, and Lipids?
55 protein
3 carbohydrate
42 Lipid
Explain the amphipathic structure of a phospholipid
Contains a hydrophilic glycerol head facing the Intracellular membrane and extracellular
and two fatty acid tails
Fluid inside of a cell
Intracellular fluid
Process of attaching sugars
Post-translational modification found in mitosis and meiosis
Glycosylation
Two types of Glycosylation
N-Glycosylation
O-Glycosylation
Interstitial: Supports, surrounds, the cell: 75 percent of fluid in the body
Intravascular: Blood plasma : 25 percent of the body
Transmembrane fluid: synovial fluid, ocular fluid, Cerebrospinal fluid (backbone fluid)
Extracellular fluid
OLIGOSACCHARIDES LINKED TO THE NITROGEN ATOM ON AN ASPARAGINE
N-Glycosylation
OLIGOSACCHARIDES ARE LINKED TO OXYGEN L, TYPICALLY ON SERINE OR THREONINE OR THREONINE RESIDUE
O-Glycosylation
Integral funvtiom of the cell membrane and cell walls
Structure
IMPORTANT ROLES OF GLYCOPROTEINS
CELL MEMBRANES
TISSUE STRENGTH
PLANT GRAVITY RESISTANCE (It’s why despite how tall a plant is, it doesn’t topple over)
IMMUNE RESPONSE IN BLOOD VESSELS
BRAIN FUNCTION
BLOOD CLOTTING
BLOOD TYPE IDENTIFICATION
REPRODUCTION
MUCUS PRODUCTION
IMMUNEE SYSTEM SUPPORT
SKIN HEALTH
This protein is Embedded: found deeply in the phospholipid bilayer
Spanned: it is found in the entire cell membrane
Embedded: found deeply in the phospholipid bilayer
Spanned: it is found in the entire cell membrane
Type of integral proteins
Alpha Helix
Helical bundle
Beta barrel
Example of beta barrel
Small ions
Chain sa fatty acid
OmpA - small iron channel
OmpT - Protease
NalP - auto transporter
FadL - long fatty acid chain transporter
PhoE - defusion pore
ScrY - Sucrose specific porin
OmpiA - Phospholipase (Integral protein)
Alpha helix sample
Myoglobin
Hemoglobin
Present in one side
Hormone receptors
Cell membrane antigens
Does not like to stick inside the membrane. It’s just outside. repeat: it’s only found in ONE side.
Only one percent of the membrane is Peripheral
They are transport assistants to integral protein.
Peripheral protein
Protein for extracellular electron pathway
Cytochrome C
An electron transfer shuttle (The bus that electron rides on)
Cupredoxins
Iron sulfur protein.
Also an electron transfer in photosynthetic bacteria
High Potential Iron Protein
HIPIPPPP
Receives an electron coming from NADPH (NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE) In the Calvin cycle
Adrenodoxin Reductase
example of how proteins work as a channel for Ions:
Bioelectric- Voltage-gated
Ligand-Gated : Opens and closes because a binding has occurs
Macromolecules in cells include
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids
are monosaccharides Contain C, H, O, in 1:2:1
ratio
Ex: glucose, galactose, etc. Ex: C6H12O6
Monomers
All have hydrophobic regions but
many are amphipathic
Not a true macromolecule
Lipids
Lipids are not
true
macromolecules
because
they
don’t undergo
polymerization.
do most of the jobs in cells:
Antibodies
Enzymes
Carry oxygen
Transporters
Structure (cell cytoskeleton)
and many, many more…
Proteins
1 protein strand
peptide
Four building blocks in DNA
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Thymine
twenty amino acids
Alanine (A)
Arginine (R)
Aspartate (D)
Asparagine (N)
Cysteine (C)
Glycine (G)
Glutamate (E)
Glutamine(Q)
Histidine (H)
Isoleucine (I)
Leucine (L)
Lysine (K)
Methionine (M)
Phenylalanine (F)
Proline (P)
Serine (S)
Threonine (T)
Tryptophan (W)
Tyrosine (Y)
Valine (V)
multiple protein strands
polypeptide
Four building blocks in RNA
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil
Nucleic acid monomers (Nucleotides)
Sugar
—Deoxyribose, Ribose
Phosphate
Nitrogenous base
Bonds in Nucleic Acid
Phosphodiester bond
Process of combining monomers
polymerization
Less energy consuming, but does a lot (na ol)
Chemical reactions in cells:
Metabolism
-Anabolism
-Catabolism
joining molecules to make a bigger molecule by removing water
Dehydration synthesis
Four Macromolecules, but three go through polymerization
Carbohydrate, Protein, and Nucleic Acids
ALL the chemical reactions
that happen in cells
Metabolism
Chemical reactions can _____
molecules together.
join or break
Carbohydrates are
joined together by
glycosidic bonds
is the movement of small particles across a
selectively permeable membrane like the cell membrane
until equilibrium is reached.
These particles move from an area of high concentration
to an area of low concentration.
Diffusion
is the diffusion of water through a selectively
permeable membrane like the cell membrane
Water diffuses across a membrane from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration.
Osmosis
is the movement of larger
molecules like glucose through the cell membrane –
larger molecules must be “helped”
channels
Proteins that form channels (pores) are called
protein
channels
For such cases Nature has evolved a special class of membrane proteins called
———— that allow water to pass through the membrane at a very high rate.
aquaporins
