Lecture Flashcards
Appendix
Small, finger shaped pouch attached to the cecum. Helps maintain gut bacteria.
Cisterna chyli
Dilated sac. Receives lymph plasma from the right and left lumbar trunks and from the intestinal trunk.
Lymph nodes
Small, bean-shaped structures found throughout the body. They act like filters, trapping germs, cancer cells, and other harmful substances.
Cortex
Composed of large numbers of T cells and scattered modular dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and macrophages.
Germinal center
A region of light-staining cells of a secondary lymphoid nodule. Contains B cells, nodular dendritic cells, and macrophages.
Axillary lymph nodes
Filter lymph fluid and trap harmful substances like bacteria and cancer cells. Located in the armpits. When fighting infection or other illnesses they become swollen and tender.
Cervical lymph node
2 types: anterior and posterior. Located in the neck. Can become swollen and tender when you have an infection (sore throat, cold).
Inguinal lymph nodes
2 layers: superficial (surface of the skin) and deep (within the body). Help drain lymph from your legs, lower abdomen, and genitals. Located in the groin area.
Right lymphatic duct
Short vessel located in the neck. Empties lymph into the bloodstream at the junction of the right subclavian vein and the right internal jugular vein.
Thoracic duct
Largest lymphatic vessel in the body. Empties lymph into the bloodstream at the junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins.
Peyer’s patches
Aka: aggregated lymphoid nodules. They are small masses of lymphatic tissue found throughout the ileum region of the small intestine.
Spleen
Largest single mass of lymphoid tissue in the body. Located on the left hypochondriac region between the stomach and diaphragm.
Thymus gland
Small gland in the lymphatic system that makes and trains special white blood cells (T cells).
Lingual tonsils
Small masses of lymphatic tissue located at the back of the tongue. Help detect and fight infections that enter your mouth and throat.
Palatine tonsils (tonsils)
Lymphatic tissue in the back of the throat that defend against infections.
Pharyngeal tonsils
Aka: adenoid. Lymphatic tissue located in the roof of the nasopharynx. Traps and destroys pathogens that enter through the nasal cavity.
External nares
Aka: nostrils. Two openings in the nose that lead to the nasal cavity. They are separated by a wall of cartilage called the septum.
Hard palate
Bony part of the roof of the mouth. Helps separate the mouth from the nasal passages and plays A role in speaking and eating.
Maxilla bone
Aka: the upper jaw. Holds your upper teeth and plays a role in eating and speaking.
Nasal cavity
Large, air-filled space inside your nose. It filters air as you breath, helps detect different smells, and plays a role in now your voice sounds.
Pharynx
Aka: throat.A muscular tube that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the esophagus and larynx.
Nasopharynx
Connects the nose to the respiratory system. Located behind the nasal cavity.
Oropharynx
Serves as a passageway for both air and food. Situated behind the oral cavity.
Laryngopharynx
Directs food to the esophagus and air to the larynx. Found below the oropharynx.
Soft palate
Aka: velum. A flexible muscular part of the roof of the mouth. Located behind the hard palate.
Alveolus /alveoli
Tiny air sac located at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. They are primary sites for gas exchange.
External intercostal muscles
A group of muscles located between the ribs. They assist with inhalation.
Internal intercostal muscles
A group of muscles located between the ribs, forming the middle layer of intercostal muscles. Play a key role in the respiratory process, particularly during forced expiration.
