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Molecular Biology > Lecture 16 Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Give an overview of Translation

A

The process by which ribosomes read the genetic message in mRNA and produce a protein product

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2
Q

What is the role of transfer RNA

A

Plays a role as an adaptor that can bind an amino acid at one end and interact with the messenger RNA codon at the other end.

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3
Q

Describe the process of amino acid charging

A
  • Where the tRNA binds the amino acid to produce an amino acyl transfer RNA.
  • Amino acid forms ester bond to t RNA
  • A single molecule of ATP is consumed in the coupling of the amino acid to the transfer RNA.
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4
Q

Which type of bond is formed during amino acid charging

A

Ester bond

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5
Q

When a transfer RNA ester bonds to the amino acid, which molecule is consumed

A

single molecule of ATP is consumed.

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6
Q

How is the start of the peptide chain detected in messenger RNA

A

The sequences upstream of the start codon AUG are recognized by the small ribosome subunit.

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7
Q

Describe how translation is initiated

A

The 16 S RNA of the small ribosome subunit base pairs the Shine Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotes.

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8
Q

What is the role of the Shine Dalgarno sequence

A

it is recognized by the small ribosome subunit which forms base pairs to the shine dalgarno sequence.

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9
Q

Where is the Shine Dalgarno sequence located

A

Upstream of the AUG start codon. Sort of serves as a promoter region for translation.

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10
Q

What happens if the Shine Dalgarno sequence is absent

A

The ribosome will ignore the first methionine AUG codon exposed if the Shine Dalgarno sequence is absent.

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11
Q

Which part of the ribosome recognizes the Shine Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA.

A

The 16 S RNA of the smaller subunit.

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12
Q

In which type of organism is the Shine Dalgarno sequence found in

A

Prokaryotes.

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13
Q

What is the equivalent sequence to the Shine Dalgarno sequence for eukaryotes

A

The Kozac sequence

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14
Q

How many tRNAs belong to the AUG start codon

A

2

one is used in intiation the other is used in elongation

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15
Q

What happens to the start codon in prokaryotes.

A

Prokaryotic initiating methionine is formylated to form f MET.

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16
Q

How many subunits does the ribosome have

A

2

17
Q

What is the name of the large ribosome subunit in prokaryotes

A

50S

18
Q

What is the name of the small ribosome subunit in prokaryotes 70s ribosomes

A

30S

19
Q

Describe the structure of prokaryotic ribosome

A
  • Contains 70S ribosomes
  • Large 50S subunit made up of 23 S RNA and 5 S RNA
  • Small 30 S subunit made up of 16 S RNA
20
Q

Which types of ribosomal RNA comprise the i ) the small ribosome unit
ii ) the large subunit in 70 S ribosomes

A

small - 16 S RNA

Large - 23S and 5S RNA

21
Q

Which type of ribosomes are found in eukaryotes

A

80 S

22
Q

Describe the structure of the 80S ribosomes

A
  • Large 60 S subunit

- Small 40 S subunit

23
Q

Describe the process of Translation initiation

A

Initiator transfer RNA and messenger RNA join the complex

24
Q

Which initiation factors and orther factors are involved in Translation Initiation

A
  • IF2
  • GTP
  • ATP
25
Q

Initiation

A
  • The 30S intiation complex is formed by the 30 S subunit plus messenger RNA and F met- trna.
  • The s
26
Q

How many stages are there in translation

A

3

27
Q

Which part of the transfer RNA do the amino acids bind to?

A

The 3’ acceptor arm in a 2 step process.

28
Q

Describe the process of Amino acid charging a tRNA

A
  • Amino acid binds to the tRNA 3’ acceptor arm
  • 2 step process
  • Amino acid + ATP –> Amino Acid AMP + PP
  • AA AMP + tRNA –> AA tRNA + AMP
29
Q

Give the equations for Amino acid activation and state which energy carrier molecule is employed

A

Amino acid + ATP —> Amino acid- AMP + PP

Amino acid-AMP + tRNA –> Amino acid tRNA + AMP.

30
Q

How many transfer RNAs exist for Methionine start codon

A

2

31
Q

What distinguishes initiator methionine from elongation methionine

A

Initiating methionine is formylated, denoted as fMET

32
Q

Describe process of initiation in translation

A

30S Small ribsosome subunit is complexed with initiation Factor 1 and Initiation Factor 3

  • IF2 is covalently coupled to a GTP molecule
  • IF2 binds the 30S subunit
33
Q

Describe the process of translation elongation

A

1) EF-Tu coupled with GTP binds a transfer RNA to the ribosomal A site.
2) A site - amino a

34
Q

Which molecules are involved in the formation of the ternary complex

A

Amino acyl transfer RNA, EF-Tu and GTP.

Molecular Biology (19 decks)

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