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BIOSCI 107 module 4 & 5 > Lecture 16 B1 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 B1 Flashcards

Blood composition and function

1
Q

The average blood volume is 5L. What role does arteries and veins play in the circulatory system relating to Bp

A

Arteries have smooth muscle walls that maintain blood pressure in a directional flow from lungs to tissue to organs.
Vein pressure is lower because it is not elastic, with one way valves stopping back flow.

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2
Q

What is blood pressure important for and what is the right level

A

Even and efficient flow through small capillaries (require blood to be forced through). The right level is low enough not to cause capillary leaking but high enough to avoid coagulation

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3
Q

What is the relationship between blood pressure & volume and bp & the size of vessels

A

Blood volume must be maintained to maintain pressure.

Smaller vessels have increased pressure but a small volume while large vessels have high volume but low pressure.

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4
Q

What is systolic bp

A

the arteries squeezed at its greatest, the highest blood pressure you can get when your heart beats

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5
Q

What happens if your bp gets too high (hypertension) because of hardening of arteries providing too much resistance

A

At the risk of thrombolic diseases- leads to reduced flow and unwanted coagulation

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6
Q

What happens if your bp is too low

A

fainting

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7
Q

Name the 6 major components of blood

A

Cells, proteins, lipids, electrolytes, vitamins & hormones and glucose

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8
Q

Describe the structure of haemoglobin

A

4 haem molecules containing one Fe2+ ferrous form of iron.

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9
Q

How does haemoglobin transport oxygen and CO2 in blood (pressure)

A

The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs is 100 mmHg and O2 freely binds to Fe2+ but as this pressure drops in the tissue, O2 dissociates and is replaced by CO2

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10
Q

CO and CN can displace O2. What is the colour of the blood related to the poisoning as well as the normal colours of blood

A

O2 is bright red, CO2 is dark red, C monoxide is cherry red and CN is pink

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11
Q

Name the five most abundant proteins in blood in order of abundance

A

Albumin, Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulins, Complement, Coagulation proteins

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12
Q

What is albumin

A

maintains collodial osmotic pressure (maintains hypertonicity) but also binds and transports many small molecules and proteins

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13
Q

What is fibrinogen

A

protein cleaved by the enzyme thrombin to form cross linked fibrin that forms the blood clot

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14
Q

What is Immunoglobulins

A

Antibodies responsible for immunity, made by plasma cells.

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15
Q

What is complement

A

inactive until cleaved (zymogens) proteins that tag invading organisms so they can be digested by phagocytes

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16
Q

What are coagulation proteins/factors

A

13 proteins that initiate the cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin to form the clot.

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17
Q

Describe the composition of centrifugation of blood

A

Plasma: viscous liquid fraction of uncoagulated blood. Buffy coat containing WBC and platelets
Packed RBC

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18
Q

What is serum (derived from plasma after clotting)

A

Straw coloured liquid that remains after coagulation without cells or fibrinogen (tit formed the insoluble fibrinogen clot).

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19
Q

What are myeloid cells

A

Cells that provide you with innate immunity and phagocytose. They have receptors that bind immune complexes.

20
Q

Name 4 myeloid cells

A

Neutrophiles, monocytes (become macrophage), Basophils and Eosinophils

21
Q

What are lymphoid cells

A

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

22
Q

What are platelets

A

cells that link together to form a clot and release factors that regulate homeostatic tissue repair

23
Q

What ion is essential to coagulation factors

A

Ca2+

24
Q

What is Haemophilia and what causes it

A

missing coagulation factor, (factor 8 most popular)

25
Q

How can you find if a patient has multiple myeloma

A

serum electrophoresis reveals elevated level of monoclonal antibody

26
Q

What is main functions of electrolytes in the blood

A

Isotonicity and buffering, regulating pH as well as regulation of cell membrane ion channels

27
Q

what is the origin of blood cells (Haematopoeisis)

A

Pluriopotent human stem cell with CD34 cell surface marker give rise to two multipotent stem cells- myeloid (innate) or lymphoid (adaptive) progenitors

28
Q

What do Myeloid progenitors give rise to

A

-> RBC, platelet producing Megakaryocyte, mast cell, Myeloblasts (produce all myeloid cells)

29
Q

What do Lymphoid progenitors give rise to

A

B or T lymphocytes or natural killer cell. T lymphocytes produce plasma cell.

30
Q

What are the stimulating factors given to speed up recovery for leukemia patients that had a autologous human stem cell transplant

A

GM-CSF: stimulates production of the myeloid lineage and GCSF: stimulates production of granulocytes but also acts to mature neutrophils and EPO: drives production of RBC

31
Q

What is the classical complement pathway

A

Triggered by antibody IgM or IgG binding to antigen. C1 complex on the surface of bacteria cleaves C4 and C2 which forms C3 convertase (C2aC4b)

32
Q

What is the alternate complement pathway

A

Complement C3 is activated by being close to the surface of the microbe, activating another type of C3 convertase

33
Q

What is the purpose of Complement pathways

A

to make C3 convertase complexes that irreversably coat microbes - opsonisation and this allows macrophages & neutrophils to identify these bacteria as they have complement receptors that bind complement and initiate phagocytosis

34
Q

What is the lectin activation complement pathway

A

Lectins- are proteins in blood that bind to unusual carbohydrates on microbes. Complement condenses on these bound lectins.

35
Q

What is the end stage complement?

A

the surface bound convertases activate complement C5-9. with the C5b, 6, 7, 8,9 forming the lytic pore- membrane attack complex.

36
Q

What are anaphylotoxins

A

These are small polypeptides (C5a, C4a and C3a) from the cleavage of the larger complement proteins that chemoattract
phagocytes.

37
Q

What are virulence factors

A

Proteins that inhibit the complement cascade

38
Q

What are the two pathways that activate factor X in coagulation pathway and what causes them

A

Extrinsic (tissue damage) or Intrinsic (surface contact)

39
Q

What factors are in the Extrinsic pathway that activate factor X

A

Factor 5 and 7 and tissue factors combine

40
Q

What factors are in the Intrinsic pathway that activate factor X

A

Factor 12,11,9,8 lead to cleavage of factor x

41
Q

What does the cleavage/activation of factor X in the coagulation pathway achieve

A

Factor X activates thrombin from prothrombin. Thrombin cleaves fibrinogen into fibrin to form cross links = blood clot

42
Q

What cleaves blood clots (thrombolysis)

A

Plasmin, produced by plasminogen. Plasminogen is a protease activated by tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) or streptokinase.

43
Q

What are the actions of anti coagulants and give examples

A

block thrombin, such as heparin and warfarin

44
Q

What mineral is important for coagulation

A

calcium

45
Q

What step do parasites that rely on blood for food target

A

the thrombin step of cleaving fibrinogen to fibrin

46
Q

What is thrombosis

A

unwanted clotting

BIOSCI 107 module 4 & 5 (9 decks)

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