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233 test 2 > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe regions of the uterine tubes

A

Fimbriae > Infundibulum > Ampulla > Isthmus

  • Two 10cm-long tubes that wrap around ovaries
  • Passageway between ovary and uterus
  • Site of fertilization

All of uterine tube is lined with simple ciliated columnar epithelium and wall of tube is muscular
•Aids in transporting secondary oocyte, and later ovum

Certain epithelial cells secrete chemicals that aid mobility of spermatozoa, and nourish sperm and oocyte

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2
Q

What is the propose of the mucus plug of the cervix?

A

it is thick most of the time to keep pathogens out of uterus and Thins during ovulation to allow passage of sperm

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3
Q

What are the three layers of the Uterus?

A

Perimetrium - Visceral peritoneum simple S

Myometrium - Smooth muscle

Endometrium - Stratum Basalis and functionalis

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4
Q

What arteries do the uterine arteries arise from?

A

Uterine arteries arises from internal iliac arteries, and reach uterine wall through broad ligament

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5
Q

What is the name of the arteries that supply blood to the stratum funtionalis of the endometrium?

A

Uterine arteries to the Spiral arteries and arcuate

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6
Q

How long is the uterine cycle?

A

28days / menstral cycle

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7
Q

Three phases of Uterine Cycle

A

Menstral phase
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase

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8
Q

Menstral phase

A

Occurs during follicular phase of ovarian cycle

  • Spiral arteries constrict and stratum functionalis of endometrium sloughs off (menstruation)
  • Usually about 5 days
  • Total of approximately 80ml of menstrual fluid (blood and serous fluid) is discharged from vagina•Blood does not clot due to fibrinolysin
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9
Q

Proliferative phase

A

Also occurs during follicular phase

  • Starts around day 5 and goes until day 14
  • Blood vessels and epithelial tissues start to proliferate and functional zone thickens again
  • Triggered by rising estrogen levels due to estrogen released from follicles
  • Estrogen causes endometrial cells to produce progesterone receptors so that the cells may respond to cues from forthcoming corpus luteum
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10
Q

Secretory phase

A

Secretory phase occurs during luteal phase; starts at time of ovulation

  • Day 15 until the end of the uterine cycle
  • Continued thickening of endometrium
  • Uterine glands enlarge and ramp-up secretion in response to progesterone and estrogen produced by corpus luteum
  • Rich in glycogen to nourish embryo in case of implantation
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11
Q

Three functions of the vagina?

A

Passage of menstrual fluid, female copulatory organ, and birth canal

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12
Q

Function of the vaginal rugae?

A

Increasing surface area and stimulation during copulation.

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13
Q

what type of epithelium lines the vagina prior to puberty then after puberty?

A
  • Initially lined with simple cuboidal, but due to estrogen release during puberty, undergoes metaplasia
  • Converts to nonkeratinized stratified squamous
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14
Q

what is the normal pH of the vagina and why?

A

pH of 4 to inhibit bacterial growth

natural flora is converted to lactic acid

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15
Q

Structures of the Vulva

A

Vestibular bulbs

Clitoris

Greater Vestibular glands

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16
Q

Differences in female sexual response

A

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

  • Hyperemia of both sets of labia•Increase in vaginal secretion
  • Uterus changes position and “tents” during plateau phase
  • Vestibular bulbs engorge causing lower vagina (called orgasmic platform) to constrict, while region nearest cervix widens
  • Hyperemia of clitoris
  • Vagina and uterus contract during orgasm
  • Cervix dips into semen, if present
17
Q

What type of glands are mammary glands?

A

Modified sweat glands. Merocrine apocrine hybrid.

18
Q

Basic structures of a mammary gland?

A

Mostly adipose tissue in the hypodermic of the breasts. One lactiferous duct per lobe. each duct drains into a lactiferous sinus for temp storage.

19
Q

Signal for milk production?

A

Prolactin due to sensory stimulation is responsible producing the milk for the next time.

Oxytosin is responsible for milk let down and production of more prolactin for next round.

20
Q

Gestation

A

Pregnancy… 280 days (40 weeks) from time of last menstrual period (LMP)

38 weeks from conception

21
Q

Parturition

A

Birth

22
Q

Trimester

A

Three-month intervals

23
Q

Conceptus

A

Any product of conception

24
Q

Blastocyst

A

Hollow ball of cells that exists from approximately day 5-15

25
Q

Embryo

A

day 16 to week 8

26
Q

fetus

A

Week 9 to berth

27
Q

Neonate

A

Infant to 6 weeks

28
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

A

Used to determine if pregnant home test

Initially produced by trophoblasts then later by the placenta.

Keeps corpus luteum alive

Present from day 8 after conception then peaks at week 10

29
Q

Estrogen

A

Estrogen production ramps up around week 12

  • Initially from corpus luteum, but then mainly from placenta
  • Levels reach 30 times baseline•Produced by converting androgens from mom and fetus’ adrenal cortices
  • Stimulates growth of mother’s uterus, external genitalia, mammary ducts, and breasts
  • Also relaxes pubic symphysis and sacroiliac joints
  • Suppresses gonadotropin release
30
Q

Progesterone

A

Progesterone is produced by solely by placenta after CL degenerates

  • Suppresses gonadotropin release and prevents menstruation
  • Basis for some types of contraceptives (pills, patches, NuvaRing, Depo-Provera injections, and some IUDs)
  • Suppresses uterine contractions
  • Stimulates proliferation of mammary acini
31
Q

Human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS

A

released in large amounts from placenta starting in week 5

  • Also referred to as human placental lactogen
  • Not well understood, and doesn’t stimulate lactation is humans, as it does in other animals
  • Decreases effectiveness insulin and decreases mother’s insulin sensitivity
  • Mom releases more triglycerides from adipose and uses FAs as main energy source
  • More glucose diverted to the fetus as a result
  • Implications in what disease of pregnancy?
32
Q

When is the placenta fully formed?

A

12 weeks

33
Q

What is the hormonal significance of the placental completing its development?

A

a

34
Q

What causes morning sickness?

A

Nausea that may lead to emesis

  • Thought to be caused by reduced intestinal motility as a result of increased sex hormones(progesterone). This can cause constipation.
  • During this time, women may prefer bland foods, which could indicate that certain spices might be toxic to fetus

233 test 2 (8 decks)

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