Lecture 16

Question 1

Describe regions of the uterine tubes

Answer 1

Fimbriae > Infundibulum > Ampulla > Isthmus

• Two 10cm-long tubes that wrap around ovaries
• Passageway between ovary and uterus
• Site of fertilization

All of uterine tube is lined with simple ciliated columnar epithelium and wall of tube is muscular
•Aids in transporting secondary oocyte, and later ovum

Certain epithelial cells secrete chemicals that aid mobility of spermatozoa, and nourish sperm and oocyte

Question 2

What is the propose of the mucus plug of the cervix?

Answer 2

it is thick most of the time to keep pathogens out of uterus and Thins during ovulation to allow passage of sperm

Question 3

What are the three layers of the Uterus?

Answer 3

Perimetrium - Visceral peritoneum simple S

Myometrium - Smooth muscle

Endometrium - Stratum Basalis and functionalis

Question 4

What arteries do the uterine arteries arise from?

Answer 4

Uterine arteries arises from internal iliac arteries, and reach uterine wall through broad ligament

Question 5

What is the name of the arteries that supply blood to the stratum funtionalis of the endometrium?

Answer 5

Uterine arteries to the Spiral arteries and arcuate

Question 6

How long is the uterine cycle?

Answer 6

28days / menstral cycle

Question 7

Three phases of Uterine Cycle

Answer 7

Menstral phase
Proliferative phase
Secretory phase

Question 8

Menstral phase

Answer 8

Occurs during follicular phase of ovarian cycle

• Spiral arteries constrict and stratum functionalis of endometrium sloughs off (menstruation)
• Usually about 5 days
• Total of approximately 80ml of menstrual fluid (blood and serous fluid) is discharged from vagina•Blood does not clot due to fibrinolysin

Question 9

Proliferative phase

Answer 9

Also occurs during follicular phase

• Starts around day 5 and goes until day 14
• Blood vessels and epithelial tissues start to proliferate and functional zone thickens again
• Triggered by rising estrogen levels due to estrogen released from follicles
• Estrogen causes endometrial cells to produce progesterone receptors so that the cells may respond to cues from forthcoming corpus luteum

Question 10

Secretory phase

Answer 10

Secretory phase occurs during luteal phase; starts at time of ovulation

• Day 15 until the end of the uterine cycle
• Continued thickening of endometrium
• Uterine glands enlarge and ramp-up secretion in response to progesterone and estrogen produced by corpus luteum
• Rich in glycogen to nourish embryo in case of implantation

Question 11

Three functions of the vagina?

Answer 11

Passage of menstrual fluid, female copulatory organ, and birth canal

Question 12

Function of the vaginal rugae?

Answer 12

Increasing surface area and stimulation during copulation.

Question 13

what type of epithelium lines the vagina prior to puberty then after puberty?

Answer 13

• Initially lined with simple cuboidal, but due to estrogen release during puberty, undergoes metaplasia
• Converts to nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Question 14

what is the normal pH of the vagina and why?

Answer 14

pH of 4 to inhibit bacterial growth

natural flora is converted to lactic acid

Question 15

Structures of the Vulva

Answer 15

Vestibular bulbs

Clitoris

Greater Vestibular glands

Question 16

Differences in female sexual response

Answer 16

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

• Hyperemia of both sets of labia•Increase in vaginal secretion
• Uterus changes position and “tents” during plateau phase
• Vestibular bulbs engorge causing lower vagina (called orgasmic platform) to constrict, while region nearest cervix widens
• Hyperemia of clitoris
• Vagina and uterus contract during orgasm
• Cervix dips into semen, if present

Question 17

What type of glands are mammary glands?

Answer 17

Modified sweat glands. Merocrine apocrine hybrid.

Question 18

Basic structures of a mammary gland?

Answer 18

Mostly adipose tissue in the hypodermic of the breasts. One lactiferous duct per lobe. each duct drains into a lactiferous sinus for temp storage.

Question 19

Signal for milk production?

Answer 19

Prolactin due to sensory stimulation is responsible producing the milk for the next time.

Oxytosin is responsible for milk let down and production of more prolactin for next round.

Question 20

Gestation

Answer 20

Pregnancy… 280 days (40 weeks) from time of last menstrual period (LMP)

38 weeks from conception

Question 21

Parturition

Answer 21

Birth

Question 22

Trimester

Answer 22

Three-month intervals

Question 23

Conceptus

Answer 23

Any product of conception

Question 24

Blastocyst

Answer 24

Hollow ball of cells that exists from approximately day 5-15

Question 25

Embryo

Answer 25

day 16 to week 8

Question 26

fetus

Answer 26

Week 9 to berth

Question 27

Neonate

Answer 27

Infant to 6 weeks

Question 28

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Answer 28

Used to determine if pregnant home test Initially produced by trophoblasts then later by the placenta. Keeps corpus luteum alive Present from day 8 after conception then peaks at week 10

Question 29

Estrogen

Answer 29

Estrogen production ramps up around week 12 * Initially from corpus luteum, but then mainly from placenta * Levels reach 30 times baseline•Produced by converting androgens from mom and fetus’ adrenal cortices * Stimulates growth of mother’s uterus, external genitalia, mammary ducts, and breasts * Also relaxes pubic symphysis and sacroiliac joints * Suppresses gonadotropin release

Question 30

Progesterone

Answer 30

Progesterone is produced by solely by placenta after CL degenerates * Suppresses gonadotropin release and prevents menstruation * Basis for some types of contraceptives (pills, patches, NuvaRing, Depo-Provera injections, and some IUDs) * Suppresses uterine contractions * Stimulates proliferation of mammary acini

Question 31

Human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS

Answer 31

released in large amounts from placenta starting in week 5 * Also referred to as human placental lactogen * Not well understood, and doesn’t stimulate lactation is humans, as it does in other animals * Decreases effectiveness insulin and decreases mother’s insulin sensitivity * Mom releases more triglycerides from adipose and uses FAs as main energy source * More glucose diverted to the fetus as a result * Implications in what disease of pregnancy?

Question 32

When is the placenta fully formed?

Answer 32

12 weeks

Question 33

What is the hormonal significance of the placental completing its development?

Answer 33

a

Question 34

What causes morning sickness?

Answer 34

Nausea that may lead to emesis * Thought to be caused by reduced intestinal motility as a result of increased sex hormones(progesterone). This can cause constipation. * During this time, women may prefer bland foods, which could indicate that certain spices might be toxic to fetus