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KINE3650 > Lecture 16 &17 -Limbic, Olfactory System, Learning Systems > Flashcards

Lecture 16 &17 -Limbic, Olfactory System, Learning Systems Flashcards

1
Q

List the two direct pathways to the limbic system.

A
  1. Olfactory receptors → olfactory bulbs → sensory cortex → limbic system
  2. Other sensory receptors → dorsal spinal cord/cranial nuclei → thalamus → sensory cortex → limbic system
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2
Q

Where do the olfactory bulbs terminate at? What does this structure form?

A

Terminate at ethmoid bone, forms basis of upper nose

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3
Q

Where do the olfactory receptor cells project from, & where do they project to?

A

Project from nasal epithelium to 2nd-order neurons in olfactory bulb

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4
Q

Where are the olfactory nuclei located? Do 2nd-order projections terminate in the nuclei?

A

Olfactory nuclei found further down olfactory tract → MOST 2nd-order projections DON’T terminate in nuclei

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5
Q

What are the six layers of the olfactory bulb? List them from the most bottom/deep to top.

A

Olfactory nerve layer → glomerular layer → external plexiform layer → mitral cell layer → inner plexiform layer → central fibre core

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6
Q

In the olfactory bulb, what is the main cell that is sending output projections? What layer of the olfactory bulb are they found in?

A

Mitral cell in mitral cell layer

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7
Q

Where do most of the olfactory projections exit from? What two structures do these projections then split off to go to?

A

Lateral olfactory stria (tract) → amygdala OR primary olfactory complex (piriform complex)

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8
Q

What are the three main structures discussed in lecture that are associated/part of the limbic system?

A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. Amygdala
  3. Hypothalamus
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9
Q

What is the hippocampal formation involved with? What is it able to do in context to memory?

A

Episodic memory formation & retrieval, smell
Has long-term potentiation to change synaptic weights for memory formation

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10
Q

What response is given when the hippocampus is connected with the amygdala? With the hypothalamus?

A

Strong connections w/ amygdala for EMOTIONAL RESPONSES to remembered stimuli
Strong connections w/ hypothalamus for IMMEDIATE ANS RESPONSES to remembered stimuli

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11
Q

What is the amygdala involved with? What is it connected to?

A

Involved w/ expression of emotions (specifically fear/stress)
Reciprocal connections w/ all sensory cortices (“what should my emotional response be?”)

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12
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for? What two structures discussed in lecture does the hypothalamus stimulate? For what purpose/role?

A

Control centre for ANS
1. Stimulates pituitary gland to release various hormones
2. Stimulates reticular formation to control synaptic responses to stimuli

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13
Q

What is the fornix? What two structures does it help connect?

A

Paired, arch-shaped white matter structure connecting hippocampal formation to hypothalamus

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14
Q

When looking at the hippocampus, what are the four main parts? List what each part includes/is responsible for.

A
  1. Hippocampus proper →has intermediary neurons & processes input from dentate gyrus
  2. Dentate gyrus → receives input from various sources, including the entorhinal cortex
  3. Subiculum → sends output from hippocampus
  4. Fornix: primary tract out of subiculum to other brain areas
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15
Q

What are the three layers of the hippocampus from the farthest to the subiculum to the closest?

A
  1. Polymorph layer
  2. Pyramidal layer
  3. Molecular layer
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16
Q

What is the significance/importance of the subiculum in terms of layers?

A

Goes from three-layered to six-layered cortex

17
Q

What is the uncus? What is it responsible for?

A

Primary olfactory cortex, one of the main olfactory terminations of the lateral olfactory stria

18
Q

What major structure provides major input to the hippocampal formation?

A

Entorhinal cortex

19
Q

What are the little folds of the dentate gyrus called? What are they responsible for?

A

Fimbra: white matter tracts wrapping around outside of dentate gyrus & hippocampus → facilitate connections within the hippocampus itself and between the hippocampus and other brain regions.

20
Q

What are the three layers of the dentate gyrus from closest to the entorhinal cortex to furthest from the entorhinal cortex?

A
  1. Molecular layer
  2. Granular layer
  3. Polymorph layer
21
Q

What does the limbic lobe wrap around? What is the superior part called? The inferior temporal part? What is the general function of the limbic lobe?

A

Wraps around outer surface of corpus callosum
Superior part: cingulate gyrus/cortex
Inferior temporal part: parahippocampal gyrus
Function: send inputs to hippocampus via dentate gyrus

22
Q

What is the frontal part of the parahippocampus called, & where does it receive projections from?

A

Frontal part: entorhinal cortex → receives projections from all sensory & other parts of cortex

23
Q

Where does the mammillothalamic tract start, & where does it go to?

A

Mammillary bodies in the hypothalamus to the thalamus, projects to cortex

24
Q

List the path of the hippocampus starting from the entorhinal cortex.

A

Entorhinal cortex → perforant path (lateral)/alvear path (medial) → dentate gyrus → hippocampus → subiculum

25
Q

List the pathway of the papez circuit(sara’s furry monkey threw chocolates happily)

A

Subiculum → fornix → mammillary bodies → thalamus → cingulate gyrus → hippocampus via parahippocampal cortex

26
Q

What is the papez circuit responsible for?

A

1) Memory formation via long-term potentiation (changing synaptic weights),
2) Associating appropriate ANS effects w/ appropriate stimuli, & memory retrieval consolidation

27
Q

In context to emotional circuitry, what are the three general structures that the hypothalamus projects to? What is each structure responsible for?

A
  1. Amygdala: fear/stress emotions
  2. Brainstem, reticular formation, vagus nerve: ANS activity (BP, glucose levels, BR, adrenaline)
  3. Pituitary gland: release cortisol for stress
28
Q

List the pathway for the motivational circuit.(harry helps vicky navigate places)

A

Hippocampus → hypothalamus → ventral tegmental area (upper midbrain reticular area) → nucleus accumbens → prefrontal cortex

29
Q

What are the two significant structures in this motivational circuit, & what are they responsible for?

A

Nucleus accumbens: experiences of pleasure
Prefrontal cortex: evaluation of pleasure

30
Q

Define prediction error.

A

Comparison of expected & actual outcome where error is difference between the two

31
Q

What response is given when the amygdala is connected with the hypothalamus?

A

Strong connection w/ hypothalamus for ANS RESPONSES to scary/stressful stimuli

KINE3650 (17 decks)

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