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sexuality 3 > LECTURE > Flashcards

LECTURE Flashcards

1
Q

__ of homosexual behaviour has been reported in hundreds of animals
__ homosexual behaviour, however, only reported in handful of species
thus __

A

instances
routine

homosexuality is an objective thing, though rare

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2
Q

what are the three forms of sexual behaviours displayed by animals

A

mounting
courtship/sexual solicitations
pair-bonding

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3
Q

animal homosexual behaviour is frequently __

A

sociosexual

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4
Q

sociosexual behaviours are __

A

sexual in form and used to facilitate adaptive social goals

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5
Q

exclusive same-sex sexual orientation is __ in animals

what is an example of an animal with this orientation

A

exceedingly rare

domesticated sheep (ovis aries)

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6
Q

what are two animal examples of engaging in sociosexual, homosexual behaviour

A

bonobo
savannah baboon

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7
Q

according to the choice test, __ of domestic males are male-oriented
when given a choice, they __

*not sociosexual species

A

~7%
court and mount other rams, not ewes (females)

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8
Q

exclusive male same-sex sexual orientation emerges __

A

in the ABSENCE of human socialization or culture

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9
Q

lesbian behaviour has been seen in __

A

Japanese Macaques
-female monkeys who engage in sexual and courtship behaviour

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10
Q

there is no evidence that female homosexual behaviour in jap mac functions as an adaption

thus, the species do not engage in this behaviour for what six reasons?

what point was not found by Vasey

A

1.attract opposite sex mates
2.form alliances
3.obtain alloparental care
4.dominance
5.reduce social tension
6.reconcile conflicts

1

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11
Q

according to sibling studies, men who have gay brothers are __ more likely to be gay themselves

women who have lesbian sisters are __ more likely to be lesbian themselves

A

5 times
3 times

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12
Q

according to familial clustering studies, androphilic males have more __ compared to gynephilic males

A

androphilic male relatives (uncles, nephews, cousins)

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13
Q

according to familial clustering studies, gynephilic femailes have __ more __ compared to androphilic femalers

A

4 times

gynephilic female relatives (sisters, aunts, nieces, cousins)

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14
Q

according to studies of twins raised together

concordance rates are __ for monozygotic (identical) twins than dizygotic (non-identical)

genetic influences on sexual orientation are __ for males than females

A

higher

stronger

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15
Q

according to studies of twins raised together

__ has the strongest influence on sexual orientation, __ are moderate and __ has weakest role

A

non-shared environment
genetic influences
shared environment

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16
Q

according to studies of identical twins raised apart (born together, reared apart)

males (2 pairs) were shown to be __
females (4 pairs) were shown to be __

A

both concordant for homosexuality (i.e., both gay)

both discordant for sexual orientation (i.e., adopted different sexual orientation than twin or not at all)

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17
Q

according to molecular genetic studies, there is NO __

however __

A

single gay gene

number of chromosomal regions identified as being associated with male androphilia

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18
Q

what are two examples of regions of the chromosome associated with homosexuality

A

Xq28 (tip of X chromosome)

pericentromeric (~middle region of chromo 8)

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19
Q

what is the fraternal birth order effect (FBOE)

A

existence of older biological brothers increases the chances that their younger brothers will be androphilic (increase chance by 33%)

*no effect on adoptive brothers

20
Q

FBOE has been documented in __ and __

A

multiple western and non-western cultures

among both cisgender and transgender androphiles

21
Q

males produce __

when produced by male fetuses, they are recognized by mother’s bodies as __

antibodies produced to __

these is the __

A

Y-linked

antigens (foreign substances)

neutralize male-specifc antigen

maternal immune hypothesis

22
Q

an easy way to think of the maternal immune hypothesis is

*give self point if you have gist

A

antibodies left over from first pregnancy

“attack” male-specific antigen next time she carries a male fetus, increasing chance of feminization

23
Q

__ exposure in utero __ brain organization

lack of exposure __ brain organization

A

testosterone
masculinizes

feminizes

24
Q

exposure to hormones at puberty __ brain organization producing __

A

activates

behaviour and psychology

25
Q

CAH (__) women exposed to elevated testosterone levels prenatally due to __

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

over activation of adrenal gland

26
Q

what are biomarkers of androgen exposure

A

finger length ratios

index (2D)
ring (4D) flip right hand, palm up

27
Q

2D:4D ratio influenced by __

more exposure to androgen=__

A

prenatal androgen exposure

lower ratio (shorter index)

28
Q

when comparing the 2D:4D ratio, what are the results

A

heterosexual men < heterosexual women (more common in hetero w)

lesbians < hetero women (more common in hetero)

thus hetero (androphilic) women show trait most

29
Q

sexual orientation in animals controlled by __

specifically, __ of __ plays key role

A

hypothalamus

medial preoptic area (mPOA)

anterior hyp (AH)

30
Q

what is another example of a biomarker of androgen exposure

A

otoacoustic emissions

31
Q

what are otoacoustic emissions

A

cochlea emits weak sounds (OAE)

less exposure to prenatal androgen results in more OAE postnatally

32
Q

Found by LeVay and Byne __

A

heterosexual men show more INAH3 cells (cluster of cells)

33
Q

treating ewes (females) with testosterone __ supporting the claim __

A

increases oSDN to male-typical size

oSDN is biomarker of androgen exposure

34
Q

similar to INAH3, __ is found in hetero rams (straight males)

A

oSDF
*domestic rams (Ovis aries)

35
Q

what is point one of model for evolutionary history of female homo behaviour in jap mac

A

juvenile male-male mounting (JMMM) functions for play

36
Q

what is point two of model for evolutionary history of female homo behaviour in jap mac

A

female-male mounting (FMM) adaption which females use to capture male attention/prolong mounting

37
Q

what is point three of model for evolutionary history of female homo behaviour in jap mac

A

females evolved capacity to experience sexual reward during FMM

38
Q

what is point four of model for evolutionary history of female homo behaviour in jap mac

A

female-female mounting (FMM) evolved as neutral by product of select
-because females could mount and obtain sexual reward during mounts

39
Q

juvenile male-male mounting should function to __

A

capture male attention and facilitate play interactions

40
Q

FMM is trigger when __

FMM renders when __

A

males are distracted

males immobile (dead weights)

41
Q

FMM prompts MFM after __

A

lower intensity sexual solicitations have failed (“super solicitations”)

42
Q

FMM should involve __

45% of FMM involve __

A

sexual reward

stimulation of vulvar/perineal/anal region

43
Q

FFM should involve sexual reward

__ of FFM involve stimulation of vulvar/perineal/anal region

A

78%

44
Q

Eshkol-Wachman __ indicates FMM and FFM do NOT differ in terms of __

A

Movement Notation

structural kinematics

45
Q

of 14 populations, __ exists in which FFM (two girls) occurs in absence of FMM (two boys)

__ exist in which FMM exists without FFM

A

none (0)

three (3)

46
Q

what are the four reasons why female-female mounting (FFM) occurs

A
  1. females choose female mates over males
  2. unrelated to male availability
  3. allow more sexual reward than MFM
  4. safer than MFM

sexuality 3 (2 decks)

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