Lecture 1.5: Uptake and Distribution Flashcards

1
Q

What form of drug will have an effect on the brain?

A

non ionized, lipophilic

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2
Q

What form of drug will be excreted by kidneys?

A

ionized

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3
Q

What is happening in the liver?

A

non ionized to ionized, lipophilic to hydrophilic

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4
Q

Degree of ionization depends on:

A

dissociation constant and pt’s pH

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5
Q

Give acidic drug to acidic pt:

A

give lower dose

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6
Q

Give basic drug to acidic pt:

A

give higher dose

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7
Q

Ion trapping example

A

give basic drug to alkalemic mother - nonionized drug passes to fetus
fetus pH is acidic - ionizes drug, can’t pass back to mother

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8
Q

Difference in pH of mother/fetus

A

fetus more acidic than mother

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9
Q

Protein binding trends

A

acids bind to albumin (main one)

bases bind to alpha 1 glycoproteins

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10
Q

Drugs that are highly protein bound:

A

warfarin, propranolol, phenytoin, diazepam

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11
Q

What is clearance

A

the volume of plasma cleared by metabolism and excretion

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12
Q

What is first order kinetics

A

drug cleared at rate proportional to amount in plasma

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13
Q

What is zero order kinetics

A

drug cleared at constant rate per unit of TIME

Eg: ASA, Dilantin, ETOH

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14
Q

Hepatic clearance

A

if hepatic extraction is > 0.7, depends on hepatic blood flow
(perfusion dependent elimination)

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15
Q

If hepatic extraction ration < 0.3

A

hepatic clearance depends on enzyme activity

capacity dependent elimination

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16
Q

Renal clearance

A

most important organ for eliminating ionized drugs

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17
Q

Renal clearance of lipophilic drugs

A

little to no excretion

18
Q

Metabolism definition

A

converting lipid soluble to water soluble

usually become inactive (midazolam is example of exception)

19
Q

Phase I metabolism

A

oxidation-reduction or hydrolysis

20
Q

Phase II metabolism

A

parent or metabolite reacts to something in liver to form water soluble conjugate

21
Q

Sites of metabolism

A

liver, plasma, kidney, lungs, GI tract

22
Q

What is CP-450

A

enzymes in hepatic smooth endoplasmic reticulum

23
Q

Enzyme induction

A

drugs can stimulate and increase enzymes

Eg chronic alcohol use

24
Q

Enzyme induction drug example

A

phenobarbital (other anti seizure meds) will induce liver enzymes, will need to shorten dose intervals for anesthetics

25
Non enzyme metabolism forms and drug examples
conjugation, hydrolysis in liver mostly, do not undergo enzyme induction determined genetically Eg: succhs, esmolol
26
How does pharmacodynamics mainly work?
through Mu receptors, also kappa and delta receptors
27
Concentration of receptors
up-regulation and down-regulation in response to stimuli
28
Concentration of receptor example
stopping beta blocker abruptly - hypertensive crisis due to up-regulated receptors
29
State of receptor activation theory
non-activated receptors that are converted to active by the drug
30
Receptor occupancy theory
More receptors occupied by drug, more effective the drug
31
Non-receptor drug action example
antacids
32
Most antagonist drugs are what kind?
competitive antagonists (Narcan)
33
What kind of mixture do our drugs tend to come in?
racemic mixture
34
What is Efficacy?
Ability of drug to produce desired effect
35
What is Potency?
Relationship between therapeutic effect and dose necessary to achieve effect Lower dose, higher effect, higher potency
36
Therapeutic index equation
LD50 / ED50
37
Hyper-reactive effect
unusually low dose produces effect
38
Hyper-sensitivity effect
Allergy
39
Additive effect and example
1+1=2 | Eg: Fentanyl and Propofol
40
Synergetic effect and example
1+1=3 | Eg: Fentanyl and Midazolam