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Genetics/Molecular Biology > Lecture 15 - Transcription > Flashcards

Lecture 15 - Transcription Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What two types of structures does RNA have?

A

Primary and Secondary

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2
Q

What does two distinct 3’ and 5’ ends signify in RNA

A

Polarity

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3
Q

What does a primary structure look like for RNA?

A

linear

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4
Q

What does the secondary structure look like for RNA?

A

folded

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5
Q

Where is the hydroxyl group located in RNA?

A

2’ carbon

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6
Q

What direction does synthesis go for RNA?

A

5’ –> 3’

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7
Q

True or false: DNA is more stable than RNA

A

True

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8
Q

What types of RNA is found in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

A

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

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9
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

It’s the functional and structural components of a ribosome

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10
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

Carries genetic code for proteins

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11
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Helps incorporate amino acids into polypeptide chain

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12
Q

What cell is a snRNA found in?

A

Eukaryotic

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13
Q

What do snRNAs do?

A

process pre-mRNA

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14
Q

Where are lncRNAs found?

A

Eukaryotic

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15
Q

Where is crRNA and what does it do?

A

Prokaryotic and assists in detecting foreign DNA

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16
Q

What do snoRNA do?

A

process and assemble rRNA

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17
Q

What do siRNA do?

A

trigger degradation of other RNA molecules

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18
Q

What do piRNA do?

A

suppress transcription of transposable elements in reproductive cells

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19
Q

Which of the following is not found in eukaryotes?
a. snRNA
b. snoRNA
c. miRNA
d. crRNA
e. piRNA
f.lncRNA

A

d. crRNA

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20
Q

What does the “brush” represent in this EM image?

A

RNA molecules

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21
Q

What does the spine represent in this EM image?

A

DNA molecules

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22
Q

What is the transcribed strand called?

A

template

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23
Q

What strand does the RNA use as a template and what direction is it read?

A

The lower strand (3’ –> 5’)

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24
Q

What can the upper, nontemplate strand also be referred to as?

A

coding strand or sense strand

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25
Q

What is the coding strand identical to?

A

sequence in the transcript (except T is U)

26
Q

What is the lower, template strand also referred to as?

A

noncoding strand or antisense strand

27
Q

True or false: RNA molecules are added 3 at a time

A

False, they are individually added to the 3’ end of the RNA

28
Q

What does the transcription unit not contain?

A

promoter

29
Q

In what order do pieces of the 5’, nontemplate strand go?

A

promoter –> transcription start site –> RNA coding region –> terminator –? transcription termination site

30
Q

What is a ribonucleoside triphosphate (rNTPs)?

A

building blocks of RNA

31
Q

What are the 5 subunits in RNAP

A

alpha(2), beta(1), beta prime(1), omega(1)

32
Q

What does the sigma factor do?

A

Controls the binding to the promoter so initiation begins at the transcription initiation site.

33
Q

What three classes of RNA polymerases (RNAPs) are found in all eukaryotes?

A

RNAP I, RNAP II, RNAP III

34
Q

What RNAPs are only found in plants?

A

RNAP IV, RNAP V

35
Q

What are the accessory proteins in RNAP polymerase classes called?

A

Transcription Factors

36
Q

What gene to RNAP I transcribe?

A

Large rRNAs

37
Q

What gene do RNAP II transcribe?

A

pre-mRNA, snRNAs, snoRNAs, miRNAs

38
Q

What gene do RNAP III transcribe?

A

tRNAs, small rRNAs, snRNAs, miRNAs

39
Q

What gene do RNAP IV transcribe?

A

siRNA

40
Q

What gene do RNAP V transcribe?

A

RNA molecules taking part in heterochromatin formation

41
Q

What are the three steps involved in bacterial transcription?

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

42
Q

What happens in the initiation step?

A

The transcription apparatus assembles at the promoter (INITIATES RNA SYNTHESIS)

43
Q

What happens in the elongation step?

A

DNA is threaded through RNA polymerase, RNAP unwind DNA and add new ribonucleotides (ONE AT A TIME TO THE 3’ END)

44
Q

What happens during the termination step?

A

The termination site is recognized and releases RNA product from DNA template

45
Q

When does the transcription bubble form?

A

Initiation in bacterial transcription

46
Q

When are the first phosphodiester bonds formed between rNTPs?

A

initiation

47
Q

What do promoters determine?

A

Where, when and the extent that genes get transcribed

48
Q

True or False: Promoters contain consensus sequences

A

True

49
Q

What serves as a binding site for RNAP

A

promoters

50
Q

How many consensus sequences are found in bacterial promoters?

A

2

51
Q

TATAAT has how many consensus sequences?

A

-10, 10 bp upstream of start site

52
Q

TTGACA has how many consensus sequences?

A

-35

53
Q

What are TTGACA recognized by?

A

RNAP holoenzymes and sigma factors

54
Q

What does the spacing of the consensus sequence determine?

A

Which DNA strand serves as a template, the direction of synthesis

55
Q

What is the transcription initiation site determined by?

A

the position of the consensus sequences

56
Q

How many nucleotides are are transcription bubbles?

A

~18 nucelotides are unwound

56
Q

How many nucleotides are are transcription bubbles?

A

~18 nucelotides are unwound

57
Q

When is supercoiling introduced into the DNA?

A

as the transcription bubble moves

58
Q

True or False: Transcriptional pausing occurs in primary structures

A

False, it occurs in secondary structures or specific sequences

59
Q

What does RNAP do when misincorporation occurs?

A

It backtracks, cleaves out the last 2 nucleotides and proceeds transcribing forward

60
Q

When and how does the hairpin structure form?

A

During Rho-Termination and by inverted repeats and a line of uracil

61
Q

What is polycistronic mRNA

A

Bacteria that frequently transcribed a group of genes in a single RNA molecule

Genetics/Molecular Biology (1 decks)

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