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Biology Semester 2 > Lecture 15- Tissues of the human body > Flashcards

Lecture 15- Tissues of the human body Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the organisational hierarchy ending with organisms?

A
  1. Atoms
  2. Molecules
  3. Cells
  4. Tissue
  5. Organs
  6. Organ Systems
  7. Organisms
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of tissue?

A

Are groups of similar cells, these cells have a similar embryological origin which are specialised for a particular function.

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3
Q

What are cells separated by?

A

A matrix.

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4
Q

What is a matrix?

A

Non-living, intercellular material produced by cells.

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5
Q

What is the study of tissue?

A

Histology.

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6
Q

What are the four main types of tissue?

A

Muscle
Epithelial
Nervous
Connective

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7
Q

How are epithelial cells packed together?

A

They are closely packed in continuous sheets OR multiple layers.

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8
Q

What provides attachment between neighbouring epithelial cells?

A

Cell junctions.

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9
Q

What is the apical surface of an epithelial cell?

A

Surface exposed to a body cavity or exterior.

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10
Q

What structures can the apical surfaces of epithelial cells contain?

A

Microvilli or cilia.

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11
Q

What is the basal surface of an epithelial cell?

A

Surface facing the basement membrane.

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12
Q

What is the basal membrane of an epithelial cell and what is its function?

A

Basal membrane is created by the secretion of the cell. It adheres the epithelial tissue firmly to nearby connective tissue.

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13
Q

Why do epithelia rely on diffusion from nearby capillaries in connective tissue?

A

They are avascular (lack blood vessels).

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14
Q

Do epithelia have a nerve supply

A

Yes

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15
Q

How do epithelia regenerate?

A

Via mitosis as they often suffer from wear and tear.

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16
Q

What are the 11 roles of epithelia?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Lining
  3. Secretion
  4. Filtration
  5. Absorption
  6. Lubrication
  7. Digestion
  8. Excretion
  9. Transportation
  10. Sensory reception
  11. Reproduction
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17
Q

Look at epithelial cell diagram.

A

After basement surface of epithelial cell is the basement membrane, then the connective tissue (with nerve fiber running through it) and below is the blood vessel.

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18
Q

What are the 3 epithelial tissue layers?

A

Simple, stratified and pseudostratified.

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19
Q

What is the simple epithelium layer and its function?

A

A single layer. Allows diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, absorption.

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20
Q

What is the stratified epithelium layer and its function?

A

Multiple layers of cells. They protect deeper layers from wear and tear.

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21
Q

What is the pseudostratified epithelium layer and what types of cells can they have?

A

Is a single layer of cells BUT appears to have multiple layers as they have nuclei at different levels. Not all cells reach the surface.
Some of their cells are ciliated AND have goblet cells (secrete mucus).

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22
Q

What are the 4 epithelial cell shapes?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar and transitional.

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23
Q

Structure of squamous epithelial cells and their function?

A

Flat cells with oval nuclei. Thin for diffusion.

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24
Q

Structure of cuboidal epithelial cells and their function?

A

Cubelike cells with a central nuclei. They secrete and participate in absorption.

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25
Q

Structure of columnar epithelial cells and their function?

A

Column-shaped cells, variable nuclei. Protect underlying tissue, involved in secretion and absorption.

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26
Q

Structure of transitional epithelial cells and their function?

A

Variable shape. They can change from flat to columnar in response to distension, expansion or bodily movement.

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27
Q

How to classify epithelia?

A

First name is type of layer. Second name is shape of cell. for multilayered epithelia the top layer is named first. Name by nucleus side.

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28
Q

What type of epithelial cell lines the nasal cavity?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar.

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29
Q

What type of epithelial cell lines the oesophagus?

A

stratified squamous.

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30
Q

What type of epithelial cell lines the kidney tubules?

A

Simple cuboidal.

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31
Q

What type of epithelial cell lines parts of the male urethra?

A

Stratified columnar.

32
Q

What type of epithelial cell lines the lung alveoli?

A

Simple squamous.

33
Q

What type of epithelial cell lines the intestines?

A

Simple columnar.

34
Q

What is endothelium?

A

The simple squamous epithelium lining the capillaries and blood vessels.

35
Q

Structure and function of simple squamous epithelia.

Where is it found?

A

Single layer of flat cells.
For diffusion, osmosis etc.
Lines lung alveoli and forms part of kidney tubules.

36
Q

Structure and function of simple cuboidal epithelia.

Where is it found?

A

Single layer of cubelike cells.
For absorption, secretion and protection.
Line parts of kidney tubules, ducts of many glands, covering of ovaries. (look at their pic on page 9)

37
Q

Structure and function of non- ciliated simple columnar epithelia.
Where is it found?

A

Single layer of column shaped cells. Can have microvilli (brush border) and/or goblet cells (produce mucus).
Line the digestive tract, gallbladder, large ducts of glands. (look at their pic on page 10)

38
Q

Structure and function of ciliated simple columnar epithelia.
Where is it found?

A

Single layer of column shaped cells. Have APICAL CILIA formed from MICROTUBULES.
Aid to move substance across epithelial surface.
Found in uterus, bronchi and paranasal sinuses.

39
Q

Structure and function of non- ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia.
Where is it found?

A

Single layer of column-shaped cells that appear multi-layered.
NO goblet cells or cilia.
Rare but found in parts of male urethra.

40
Q

Structure and function of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia.
Where is it found?

A

Single layer of column-shaped cells that appear multi-layered.
May contain goblet cells.
Lines most of trachea, primary bronchi, parts of male reproductive and urinary tract, nasal cavity and large excretory ducts.

41
Q

Structure and function of non- keratinised stratified squamous epithelia.
Where is it found?

A

Several layers of cells. Top layer is squamous, lower layers cuboidal to columnar.
Protects against abrasions, top layer sloughed off, basal layers replaced by mitosis.
Remains mostly moist, lines the mouth, vagina, anus and oesophagus.

42
Q

Structure and function of keratinised stratified squamous epithelia.
Where is it found?

A

Several layers of cells. Top layer is squamous, lower layers cuboidal to columnar.
Protects against abrasions, top layer sloughed off, basal layers replaced by mitosis.
Found in skin.
Fibrous protein keratin is produced by basal cuboidal/columnar KERATINOCYTE cells.
Cells fill with keratin (keratinisation), become squamous and anucleate (lose nucleus), die as they reach top layer (stratum corneum)
Keratinised cells slough off in process called desquamation.
Keratinised layer is waterproof, protects against abrasions and pathogenic organisms.

43
Q

Structure and function of stratified cuboidal epithelia.

Where is it found?

A

Several layers of cells. Top layer is cuboidal.

Quite rare, mainly protective and found in ducts of sweat glands, large salivary glands and in parts of male urethra.

44
Q

Structure and function of stratified columnar epithelia.

Where is it found?

A

Several layers of cells. Top layer is columnar.

Quite rare, mainly protective but sometimes involved in secretion. Found in salivary glandsand in parts of male urethra.

45
Q

Structure and function of transitional epithelia.

Where is it found?

A

Several layers of cells. Variable appearance. Able to stretch.
Tight junctions keep stretched transitional epithelia leak-free.
Found in urinary bladder, ureters and part of the urethra.

46
Q

What is a gland?

A

A single or group of epithelial cells adapted for secretion.

47
Q

What are exocrine glands?

What do they do?

A

They secrete materials directly into ducts or onto apical epithelial surface.
It is made up of glandular epithelia.
It secretes mucus, sweat, oil. earwax and digestive enzymes.

48
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Are “ductless glands” they secrete materials through the basal surface which diffuses through the basement membrane, connective tissue and into the bloodstream (e.g. hormones) so it acts on a distant location.

49
Q

What are unicellular exocrine glands?

A

Has goblet cells. No ducts involved.

50
Q

What are multicellular exocrine glands?

A

Most common type. Usually involves glands.

51
Q

Duct shapes (tubular, alveolar… simple, compound)?

A

Look at images on page 15.

52
Q

What are holocrine glands? (exocrine gland)

A

Cells accumulate substance for secretion, they then die and discharge their content (e.g. oil in sebaceous glands).

53
Q

What are apocrine glands? (exocrine gland)

A

Parts of cell with secretion breaks off, cell repairs itself (e.g. mammary gland milk).

54
Q

What are merocrine glands? (exocrine gland)

A

Secretion by exocytosis (e.g. sweat glands).

55
Q

What is paracrine release? (endocrine gland)

A

Neighbouring cells are affected.

56
Q

What is autocrine release? (endocrine gland)

A

The same cell is affected.

57
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Protection, support, binding or separating other tissues and organs, storing energy and transporting material.

58
Q

What do connective tissue cells produce?

A

They produce the extracellular matrix with cells sparsely distributed within it.

59
Q

What does the connective tissues matrix contain?

A

Fluid, dissolved molecules and protein fibres.
COLLAGEN (thick and strong, found in tendons)
ELASTIN (thin and elastic, found in skin)

60
Q

Is connective tissue highly vascular or avascular?

A

Vascular.

61
Q

True or false: Connective tissue has a good nerve supply.

A

True.

62
Q

Types of connective tissue proper (loose)?

A 
Areolar tissue (wraps organs under skin)
Adipose tissue (fat)
Reticular tissue (supporting framework in liver and spleen)
63
Q

Types of connective tissue proper (fibrous/dense)?

A 
Regular tissue (tendons and ligaments)
Irregular tissue (heart valves around cartilage and muscles)
Elastic tissue (lungs, walls of arteries, bronchial tubes)
64
Q

Other than the proper connective tissues, name the three other connective tissue types.

A

Blood
Bone
Cartilage

65
Q

What band of tissue is muscle fibres?

A

Contractile tissue.

66
Q

What do muscle tissue use to contract?

A

They consume energy in the form of ATP and generate heat.

67
Q

What protein filaments are found in muscle tissue for muscle shortening?

A

Myosin and actin.

68
Q

Muscle tissue diagram.

A
  • striations
  • sarcoplasm
  • muscle fiber
  • myofibril
  • filaments
  • fasicle
  • nucleus
  • sarcolemma
69
Q

Myosin and actin arrangement.

A
  • Z line
  • I band
  • A band
  • H band
  • Sarcomere
70
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

71
Q

5 points of skeletal muscle tissue.

A
  • For voluntary movement
  • Striated in appearance
  • Attach to bones via tendons
  • They have long cells with many nuclei
  • Rapid and susceptible to fatigue
72
Q

6 points of cardiac muscle tissue.

A
  • Involuntary movement
  • In heart
  • Striated in appearance
  • Branched cells with single nuclei
  • Intercalated disk electrically couple cells
  • Rapid and indefatigable
73
Q

5 points of smooth muscle.

A
  • Involuntary movement
  • Walls of blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, uterus and parts of urinary system
  • Lack striations
  • Spindle-shaped cells with single nuclei
  • Slower and indefatigable
74
Q

What are the two main components of nervous tissue?

A

Neurones and Glial cells/neuroglia. (look at diagram pg 23)

75
Q

What are neurones?

A
  • Excitable
  • Cell body contains nucleus and organelles
  • Has an elongated axon (transmit electrical transmission to effectors, axon terminals release neurotransmitters and they can be myelinated or non-myelinated.
  • Elongated dendrites to receive info (to cell body)
76
Q

What are glial cells/neuroglia?

A

Supporting and protective cells.

Biology Semester 2 (2 decks)

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