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BIOA01 > Lecture 15: Meiosis and heredity > Flashcards

Lecture 15: Meiosis and heredity Flashcards

1
Q

Mitosis and Meiosis

A

Germ cells
- Meiosis
Somatic cells
- Mitosis

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2
Q

Mitosis and Meiosis

A

Germ cells
- Meiosis
Somatic cells
- Mitosis

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3
Q

Where does meiosis occur in each life cycle?

A

The transmission of cytoplasm differs between sex cells

Male contribution: Sperm or pollen transfer little or no cytoplasm to the egg
•Female contribution: Egg contributes almost all of the cytoplasm to the zygote

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4
Q

Gametogenesis

A 
sperm cells (haploid) - 200,000,000 per day
ovum (haploid) - 1 per cycle
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5
Q

Gametogenesis in Females

A

Mitosis in Fetal Ovary
Meiosis I, Asymmetrical division completed at ovulation

Meiosis II: Asymmetrical division (occurs only after fertilization)

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6
Q

Gametogenesis in Males

A

Mitosis occurs in adult testis
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Differentiation

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7
Q

Meiosis I

A

Condensation of chromosomes
synapsis
recombination
prometaphase I
metaphase I - alignment at spindle midpoint
anaphase I - homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles
telophase - two haploid (n) nuclei form

Interkinesis

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8
Q

Meiosis II

A

Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

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9
Q

What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis
•One division
•Two genetically identical daughter cells
•Chromosome number of the daughter cells is the same as the parent (i.e. 2n)
•Occurs in the cells of the body as the organism grows

Meiosis
•Two divisions
•Four daughter cells that are genetically different
•Chromosome number of daughter cells is half that of the parent cell (i.e. 1n haploid)
•Occurs in the production of gamete cells

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10
Q

Non-disjunction

A

MITOSIS: failure of sister chromatids to separate during and after mitosis

MEIOSIS: failure of homologous chromosomes to segregate during and after meiosis

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11
Q

Dosage compensation

A

Humans
Barr bodies: condensed genetically inactive X-chromosomes found in the nuclei of XX individuals (but not XY individuals)
•Inactivated X-chromosome is cell independent: some cells have inactivated maternal chromosomes others have inactivated paternal chromosomes
•Epigenetic silencing of one X-chromosome

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12
Q

Calico cats

A

Genetic mosaic: Inactivated X-chromosome is cell independent: some cells have inactivated maternal chromosomes, others have inactivated paternal chromosomes

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13
Q

Variation

A

Independent assortment

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14
Q

Chromosomes and chiasma

A

Chiasma

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15
Q

Bacteria sex: The F factor

A

F-factor: fertility plasmid Plasmid: small circle of DNA in a bacterial cell containing a larger circular chromosome

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16
Q

Transfer of bacterial genes:

A

Transformation occurs when bacteria take up DNA from disintegrated bacteria
•Linear fragments recombine by double crossovers

Transduction occurs when bacterial phages transfer DNA from one bacteria to another

  • Virus incorporates DNA fragments from one cell
  • If DNA fragments are homologous, new bacteria become partial diploids
  • Recombination by double crossovers
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17
Q

Corn genetics

A

Corn is often purple or yellow
•In Coloured purple (C) kernels the pigment is produced but no pigment is produced in colourless (c) kernels
•But how could there be mottled kernels?

18
Q

Transposable Elements

A

Transposable elements (TEs)
•Segments of DNA that move around cell genome
•Transposition is movement of TEs, jumping gene
•Target site of TE is not homologous with TE
•No crossing-over

TEs can move in two ways
•Cut-and-paste, original TE leaves
•Copy-and-paste, original TE stays in place

Transposition mutation

19
Q

Bacterial Transposable Elements

A

Insertion sequences
•Contain only genes for tranposition
•Transposase catalyzes insertion or removal
•Inverted repeats mark insertion sequence

Transposon
•Multiple genes within inverted repeat sequences
•Antibiotic resistance genes within transposons
•Transposons can move to plasmi

20
Q

Transposons

A

Eukaryotic transposons are similar in structure and function to prokarytotic
•Use transposase and inverted repeat sequences
•Use cut-and-paste or copy-and-paste

21
Q

Retrotransposons

A

Retrotransposons transpose by copy-and-paste but transposition occurs via intermediate RNA
•Retrotransposon transcribed into RNA
•Reverse transcriptase uses RNA to make DNA
•DNA copy inserted into DNA at new location

22
Q

Retroviruses

A

RNA genome replicates with DNA intermediate
•Uses reverse transcriptase
•Provirus similar to prophage

Common in vertebrates
•Retrovirus genomes common in humans
•HIV and carcinogenic retroviruses

23
Q

Where does meiosis occur in each life cycle?

A

The transmission of cytoplasm differs between sex cells

Male contribution: Sperm or pollen transfer little or no cytoplasm to the egg
•Female contribution: Egg contributes almost all of the cytoplasm to the zygote

24
Q

Gametogenesis

A 
sperm cells (haploid) - 200,000,000 per day
ovum (haploid) - 1 per cycle
25
Q

Gametogenesis in Females

A

Mitosis in Fetal Ovary
Meiosis I, Asymmetrical division completed at ovulation

Meiosis II: Asymmetrical division (occurs only after fertilization)

26
Q

Gametogenesis in Males

A

Mitosis occurs in adult testis
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Differentiation

27
Q

Meiosis I

A

Condensation of chromosomes
synapsis
recombination
prometaphase I
metaphase I - alignment at spindle midpoint
anaphase I - homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles
telophase - two haploid (n) nuclei form

Interkinesis

28
Q

Meiosis II

A

Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II

29
Q

What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis
•One division
•Two genetically identical daughter cells
•Chromosome number of the daughter cells is the same as the parent (i.e. 2n)
•Occurs in the cells of the body as the organism grows

Meiosis
•Two divisions
•Four daughter cells that are genetically different
•Chromosome number of daughter cells is half that of the parent cell (i.e. 1n haploid)
•Occurs in the production of gamete cells

30
Q

Non-disjunction

A

idk

31
Q

Dosage compensation

A

Humans
Barr bodies: condensed genetically inactive X-chromosomes found in the nuclei of XX individuals (but not XY individuals)
•Inactivated X-chromosome is cell independent: some cells have inactivated maternal chromosomes others have inactivated paternal chromosomes
•Epigenetic silencing of one X-chromosome

32
Q

Calico cats

A

Genetic mosaic: Inactivated X-chromosome is cell independent: some cells have inactivated maternal chromosomes others have inactivated paternal chromosomes

33
Q

Variation

A

Independent assortment

34
Q

Chromosomes and chiasma

A

Chiasma

35
Q

Bacteria sex: The F factor

A

F-factor: fertility plasmid Plasmid: small circle of DNA in a bacterial cell containing a larger circular chromosome

36
Q

Transfer of bacterial genes:

A

Transformation occurs when bacteria take up DNA from disintegrated bacteria
•Linear fragments recombine by double crossovers

Transduction occurs when bacterial phages transfer DNA from one bacteria to another

  • Virus incorporates DNA fragments from one cell
  • If DNA fragments are homologous, new bacteria become partial diploids
  • Recombination by double crossovers
37
Q

Corn genetics

A

Corn is often purple or yellow
•In Coloured purple (C) kernels the pigment is produced but no pigment is produced in colourless (c) kernels
•But how could there be mottled kernels?

38
Q

Transposable Elements

A

Transposable elements (TEs)
•Segments of DNA that move around cell genome
•Transposition is movement of TEs, jumping gene
•Target site of TE is not homologous with TE
•No crossing-over

TEs can move in two ways
•Cut-and-paste, original TE leaves
•Copy-and-paste, original TE stays in place

29
Transposition mutation

39
Q

Bacterial Transposable Elements

A

Insertion sequences
•Contain only genes for tranposition
•Transposase catalyzes insertion or removal
•Inverted repeats mark insertion sequence

Transposon
•Multiple genes within inverted repeat sequences
•Antibiotic resistance genes within transposons
•Transposons can move to plasmi

40
Q

32

Transposons

A

Eukaryotic transposons are similar in structure and function to prokarytotic
•Use transposase and inverted repeat sequences
•Use cut-and-paste or copy-and-paste

41
Q

Retrotransposons

A

Retrotransposons transpose by copy-and-paste but transposition occurs via intermediate RNA
•Retrotransposon transcribed into RNA
•Reverse transcriptase uses RNA to make DNA
•DNA copy inserted into DNA at new location

42
Q

Retroviruses

A

RNA genome replicates with DNA intermediate
•Uses reverse transcriptase
•Provirus similar to prophage

Common in vertebrates
•Retrovirus genomes common in humans
•HIV and carcinogenic retroviruses

BIOA01 (8 decks)

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