Lecture 15 - Human Motivation Flashcards
Motivation
Desire that energizes behaviour and directs it towards a goal - combination of physiological and psychological processes
Instinct
- Fixed pattern of behaviour observed across all members of the species
- Not acquired by learning and des not involve rational decision making
Drive
Aroused/tense state related to biological needs
Drive reduction theory
Suggest we are motivated to restore homeostasis when a drive merges
(need —> drive —> drive reducing behaviour)
Incentives
Increase likelihood of a behaviour
High motivation
Push and pull (drives/needs and incentives work together)
Optimal Arousal Theory
motivated to increase or decrease our physiological arousal to maintain an optimal level of arousal (especially when performing difficult tasks)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- Self-Actualization
- Esteem
- Love Belonging
- Safety
- Physiological Needs
Self-actualisation
It represents the drive for personal growth, including creativity, moral development, problem-solving and acceptance of facts
Flow
State of experience when a person feel tremendous amounts of exhilaration, control and enjoyment
When does flow occur
- Pushing boundaries
- experience a merging of action and awareness
- occur throughout the spectrum of daily experience
Intrinsic Motivation
Active engagement with tasks that people find interesting and that in turn, promote growth
Self-determination theory 3 needs
- Autonomy
- Competence
- Relatedness
(Need a balance of all 3)
Autonomy
Causal agents of our own behaviour and the goals we pursue
Competence
Mastery of tasks and ability to learn different skills
Relatedness
Experiencing a sense of belonging and attachment to others
What can hunger tell us about human motivation
- Physiological signals
- Hypothalamus
Which food do we seek
- some preferences are universal
- some are acquired through exposure, culture and conditioning
- some are individually learned ( aversions after one bad experience)
What can the need to belong tell us about human motivation
- It is a psychological need
- strong need to bond with others
- pain social exclusion is associated with the activation of the same areas in the brain linked to physical pain
3 Types of Incentives
- learned: response-reward pairings
- attracting: person to reward
- Pushing: the person with negative reinforcement
