Lecture 15: Hematopoesis Flashcards
1
Q
Give some basic characteristics of stem cells
A
- May proliferate extremely well
- Self-renewing
- May differentiate into several (at least 2) different cell-types
- May reconstitute tissues after injury
2
Q
Describe the 3 hierarchies of stem cells pertaining to developmental capacity
A
- Totipotent: Totipotent cells give rise to all cells of an organism, including embryonic and extraembryonic tissues (cells which support embryonic development). A zygote is totipotent.
- Pluripotent: Pluripotent cells give rise to all cells of the embryo and subsequently adult tissues. (embryonic stem cells).
- Multipotent: Multipotent cells give rise to different cell types of a given lineage. (adult stem cells).
3
Q
What are the two types of stem cells
A
- Embryonic Stem Cells
- Derived from Inner-Cell Mass of blastocyst
- Pluripotent, differentiate to all cell lineages
- Technical and ethical limitations
- May be induced from adult tissues
- Adult Stem Cells
- Harvested from mature organs/tissues (bone marrow)
- Multipotent
- More restricted ability to produce different cell types and to self-renew
4
Q
Describe the hematopoetic sites pertaining to gestation times
A
- 2-8 weeks of gestation:
- Islands of hematopoiesis (blood islands) are found in the yolk sac wall.
- Give rise to nucleated erythrocytes from 2-8 weeks of gestation.
- No leukocytes form during this phase.
- 8-28 weeks of gestation:
- Hematopoiesis first occurs in the liver and then the spleen.
- Normally ceases around the time of birth.
- 6 months gestation to birth and beyond:
- Hematopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow.
- See Slide 6
5
Q
Describe the characteristics of bone marrow
A
- At birth, all the marrow is red marrow.
- Red marrow is the source of all blood cells.
- Prior to puberty: Skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, clavicles, pelvis, long bones
- -After puberty: As above except for long bones
- Extramedullary hematopoiesis: In certain disease states, blood cell formation may occur in liver and spleen.
- In time, most marrow is converted to yellow marrow, and red marrow is usually restricted to sternum and iliac crests (see text).
6
Q
Give the histology of bone marrow
A
- Stroma:
- Contains fibroblasts, reticular cells, adipose cells, and endothelial cells.
- Synthesizes and secretes hematopoietic growth factors. •
- Parenchyma:
- Consists of various lineages of hematopoietic cells in different stages of differentiation.
- Sinusoids:
- Endothelial-lined spaces that connect arterial and venous vessels.
- Provides access for mature blood cells to move into the circulation.
- Hematopoietic cords:
- Bands of parenchyma and stroma lying between the sinusoids.
7
Q
Describe the distribution of hematopoietic cells
A
- Total number of cells:
- 60% in granulocytopoiesis
- 30% in erythrocytopoiesis
- 10% in thrombocytopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, and lymphocytopoiesis
- Myeloid/erythroid ratio: Total volume of cells in granulocytopoiesis/Total volume of cells in erythrocytopoiesis
3: 1 is normal
8: 1 suggests leukemia
1: 5 suggests polycythemia
8
Q
Describe transendothelial migration
A
- Mature blood cells migrate from the hematopoietic cords through the sinusoidal endothelial walls into the sinusoids.
- Megakaryocytes (site of platelet production) are too large to translocate and must remain in the stroma.
- See slides 10-16
9
Q
Describe hematopoietic stem cells
A
- Are pluripotential: Committed to either myeloid or lymphoid stem cell lines
- Can self-renew
- Produce two kinds of multipotential precursor cells:
- Myeloid stem cell: Give rise to all blood cell lines except lymphocytes
- Lymphoid stem cell: Give rise to lymphocytes
- Cannot be identified by morphology but can be recognized by cell surface markers
10
Q
List everything leukocytes can break down into (or at least what’s listed on slide 18)
A
- Granulocytes: Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
2. Agranulocytes: Monocytes, Lymphocytes
11
Q
Describe Myeloid Stem Cells:
A
Gives rise to five kinds of colony-forming units:
- Erythroid CFU: Derived from myeloid stem cell but produces red blood cells, not white blood cells
- Megakaryocyte CFU: Derived from myeloid stem cell but produces platelet-forming cells, not white blood cells
- Basophil CFU*
- Eosinophil CFU*
- Granulocyte-Macrophage CFU*
- = White Blood Cell
- See Slides 20-24
12
Q
What two classes do lymphoid stem cells break down into
A
Give rise to two kinds of cell lines:
- T-cell progenitor: Matures in thymus
- B-cell progenitor Matures in bone marrow
T = Thymus, B = Bone Marrow, (But remember it says MATURE)
13
Q
What is the maturation phases of a macrophage?
For a neutrophil?
Of an erythrocyte
A
- Monoblast*, Promonocyte, Monocyte**, Macrophage
- Myeloblast, Promyelocyte, Myelocyte*, Metamyelocyte, Band cell, Neutrophil
- Proerythroblast, Basophilic erythroblast, Polychromatophilic erythroblast*, Orthochromatic erythroblast, Reticulocyte, Erythrocyte (See Slide 36-41)
- Cells which can divide
- Cells normally found in circulation
14
Q
What are the characteristics of hematopoietic growth factors?
A
- Hematopoietic growth factors and cytokines are produced by endothelial cells in the marrow, fibroblasts, and stromal cells.
- Glycoproteins
- Three major groups:
- Colony –stimulating factors
- Erythropoietin and thrombopoietin
- Cytokines (primarily interleukins)
15
Q
Describe colony-stimulating hematopoietic growth factors
A
- Granulocyte/monocyte colony-stimulating factor: (GM-CSF)
- Produced by endothelial cells, T cells, fibroblasts, and monocytes
- Stimulates granulocytopoiesis and monocytopoiesis
- Ameliorates neutropenia associated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy (synthetic form: sargramostim or melgramostim).
- Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF):
- Produced by endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages
- Directs CFU-G to proliferate and differentiate into myeloblasts
- May be used following chemotherapy or radiation therapy to treat neutropenia
- Monocyte colony stimulating factor:
- Commits CFU-GM to monocytic pathway
